Reading and Writing Skill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Perusing and Writing Skill - Essay Example The writer Jiayan NI composed all the articles. Examination of sense and reasonableness Jane Austin-Question 1 We see two essential points of good brain science or good way of thinking. Many hold esteems that they regularly guarantee to be holy. Life in many religions and in numerous moral frameworks hold that life is held terrified. Tetlocks in 1986 said that idea of significant worth pluralism that life, can hold an estimation of pluralism. The world by and large, doesn't permit people to hold a solitary standard as consecrated. Rather, life is brimming with troublesome decisions that request that we balance one incentive against another. On account of sense and reasonableness, Jane Austin shows the estimation of cash over affection and love over cash (Tetlock, 1986). This considered as a circumstances and logical results investigation. The film keeps the consideration of the crowd through the portrayal of the heroin. Jiayan NI doesn't investigate the ethical brain science or good way of thinking of the contention. Investigation of marvelousness plot pride and partiality- Question 2 This is another exemplary romantic tale in American Literature by Jane Austin. Clinicians have discovered that verifiable mentalities are an indicator for certain human conduct. Verifiably there are generalizations anticipated through oppression female's activity candidates as appeared in the Rudman and Boride study done in 1995 (Rudman, 1995). Another investigation done by Rudman and Glick in 2001 found that review members who help emphatically infer that perspectives associating ladies with collective attributes are regular for the model ladies being increasingly useful while men are progressively skeptic (Rudman, 2001). Scientists have noticed a cultural move in the course of the most recent couple of decades from old-design bigotry to present day prejudice. Old design bigotry is express and frequently joined by threatening vibe. Certain mentalities are bound to happen when chi efs are utilizing understood perspectives as opposed to suspecting. This additionally demonstrates topics are regularly the most investigated thoughts in artistic work. There appears to proceed with a topic of affection, notoriety, and class. Themes in a novel are a scholarly structure that keeps on appearing in the works. Jane Austin shows this in the composition of the romance among Darcy and Elizabeth and Bingley and Jane. About each scene in the novel happens inside. This is noteworthy, the explanation that changes the scenes. Austin utilizes contention and influence all through the read. NI states in the blog that in18th century chronicles that it was customary to concentrate on wedding their kids to the rich. We may know this strategy as conventional way of talking to allude to this piece as intends to convince the understanding crowd (Sharkey, 2004). Social Journal in-The Sydney Morning Herald-Question 3 Related to society and culture in an Australian paper, this article show s up in the paper to reveal various perspectives and issues that show up in our general public and the way of life. This present Analysis' is the introduction of realities as the creator Jiayan NI sees them. NI utilizes a mix of deductive and inductive or formal and casual thinking in the articles that he composes for the paper. Inductive and deductive thinking gives the motivation behind why he holds a specific view. Ni utilizes guides to his pieces that coherently serve to prompt his sections that contain clarifications, correlations, definitions and depictions of the subject he is expounding on (Sharkey, 2004). Carbon Tax in the Sydney paper Question 4 Reported in the Sydney paper on May 16, 2011, the issue of Carbon Tax is by all accounts a hotly debated issue. This instance of carbon charge as composed by NI contains sensible paradoxes. False notion for his situation is frequently a minor one. In any case, NI expect this duty will prompt the loss of employments. Through this su pposition, he accepts that it will loan

Machine Learning in Finance Management

Question: Examine about the Machine Learning in Finance Management. Answer: Presentation: Bookkeeping programming alludes to the application that stores and procedures bookkeeping exchange in the useful modules like records receivable, creditor liabilities, preliminary parity and finance. At the end of the day, this application can be considered as the bookkeeping data framework (Dunbar, Laing and Wynder 2016). Both the huge and SMEs utilize this application inside the business for encouraging the activities of the records office. Inside the investigation, the nitty gritty portrayal of the bookkeeping programming called Xero has been examined through checking on different writings. From history of the application to the current holes, all the data is available in the writing audit. Xero was built up in 2005 (Hingorani, Beasley and Bradford 2015). The maker of the association has the matter of giving Aftermail. The CEO of Quest Software furnished him with the cash-flow to build up the association. With the acquirement of Aftermail for forty 5,000,000 dollars following eighteen months, Mr. Drury had the money he was looking for to set up Xero. In 2008, the association acquainted its first application with the Australian Market (Ma 2015). Selection and Development of Xero Accounting Software in Australia: Being a cloud based bookkeeping programming, Xero has extraordinary effect on the Australian Market. Following a while of research, it has been discovered that the matter of the Australia is a lot of dependant on the cloud based application, roughly seventy five percent (Erturk and Fail 2015). Therefore the Australian Government has spent in excess of a billion to build up the application pertinent to the Australian Market. Due to some one of a kind highlights, the ubiquity of the cloud based figuring is more renowned in Australia than the traditional processing (Jong 2016). The usage procedure of Xero is confined into different steps. In the underlying advance, the bookkeeping programming, Xero was delivered as working application, as it is basic for everyone to use. After then another component is incorporated which is known as model detail. It is to a great extent given as the diagram of Xero for various execution strategies. For achieving genuine and moreover sufficiency in the tasks, the model specific is given the help of documentation (Lim and Perrin 2014). This is all around achieved for keep up a key good ways from various sorts of troubles incorporating misguided judgment and furthermore poor usage. The experiences of the customers are generally made by incorporating shades and what's more portrayal. In the last stage, extraordinary designs are incorporated for working up the item dynamically and the day and age which is required for the technique is particularly less (Hellstrom 2016). Market Size of Accounting Software: Xero Xero has progressed from a little New Zealand-based startup to spending about $250 million on making programming. The association a year prior had in excess of 400,000 paying customers transversely more than 180 countries, planning about $240 billion in trades and 95 million requesting (Wyslocka and Jelonek 2015). Xero is yet to turn an advantage and according to Evan Lucas of IG Markets, the offer expense of $23.72 is progressively down to future wants instead of current tasks and investors should hold up until FY17 on current examinations to see NPAT turning positive (Trivedi and Gangwar 2013). Xero is the best cloud bookkeeping association. MYOB has 116,000 cloud supporters appeared differently in relation to Xero which has around 320,000 across over Australia and New Zealand. It has made for a clash of extraordinary scale as inhabitants with their got the cash for up coffers, set up frameworks and strong brands muscle facing new challengers like Xero, which contributed more than $250 million structure its cloud stage beginning with no outside assistance (Erturk and Fail 2015). Acknowledgment of Leaders in Australian Market: Accounting Software MYOB and Intuit is the gigantic player in the Accounting Software feature other than Xero. The associations follow power in a gigantic market: every business needs to screen its records and these associations make that clear (Curtis 2015). They clear the prerequisite for agents and license associations to settle on invoicing and salary organization decisions on the experienced work area and flexible applications. MYOB has been hustling to work out their own specific contributions, keep up bit of the general business and rise among $AU831.7 and $AU833.8 million considering a trademark esteem extent of $3$4 a participate in its IPO (Mayasari 2015). US goliath Intuit has in like manner moved into the Australian market, a move some delineated as combative. Upper hand of Xero: In examination with other bookkeeping programming, Xero has some extra highlights that permits it to remain ahead. The functionalities of the Xero Accounting Software is totally reliant on Xero (Dunbar, Laing and Wynder 2016). This makes the associations to rely upon Xero for leading a portion of their specific errand. The availability of the product is more proficient and powerful than the other accessible applications in the market (Ma 2015). Hence, the client of the application can utilize the product paying little heed to the area and time. Combination of Xero assistants in giving fitting joint exertion and backing for improving the assorted methodology and application organizations of the affiliations. Other bookkeeping applications are not prepared to give a comparative level of participation with different application organizations. The UI, which is accessible in the bookkeeping writing computer programs, is fundamental and moreover intuitive. It is opined by Jong (2016), that Xero is extremely less difficult to use and this is a result of the proximity of characteristic UI. The UI furthermore helps in making the technique speedy and what's more trustworthy. That the expense of bookkeeping application is especially reasonable in the market of Australia when appeared differently in relation to other bookkeeping application. It contains limit of returning data which other unmistakable strategy of bargain can't give (Hellstrom 2016). Xero achieved advantage in Australian market as a result of a portion of its basic and likewise imperative components. Present hole and difficulties and holes of XERO Bookkeeping programming is the best answer for settling the issues that are originating from the manual tasks of bookkeeping. Also, however there are different advantages and focal points of XERO, there are different impediments of XERO (Boulianne 2014). These difficulties and risky circumstances are including numerous difficulties in to the car operational execution of the framework administrators. Conversely with these realities, a portion of the hindrances are expounded in this piece of the report: Programmed programming and updates: Automatic programming redesigns are destructive for utilization of expedient and powerful activities through the PC or workstations (Rahman et al., 2014). Each framework engineering needs some arrangement of functionalities that will help the framework administrator in dealing with the circumstance. Programmed framework refreshes are hurtful in giving the successful speed of the framework. Continuous month to month charges: Ongoing month to month expenses are another disservice of the XERO programming. Likewise, as long as the XERO membership is enacted the clients can get to the site and check their data. In any case, after the membership is finished, they can't check their product. The membership requests for reestablish. Absence of security angle inside the framework activities: XERO programming is only the administration of bookkeeping subtleties through the web (Smith 2015). Along these lines, the web exercises include different dangers and helpless circumstances inside it. Quality Internet associations: Without a decent web association the clients can't utilize the XERO programming for their own utilizations. This perspective is additionally another impediment of XERO. Costly Software bundles: XERO is more costly than some other bookkeeping programming (Boulianne 2014). In this manner, however it offers different preferences, the use of the framework design makes it full of feeling. End This can be reasoned that XERO is one of the best and creative mechanical headways that offers different preferences for overseeing bookkeeping subtleties and different records related tasks inside associations. XERO is invaluable for Small Scale Industries inside Australia so as to get their business positions with the assistance of successful money related subtleties the executives that will be ad lib their circumstance in gaining more incomes. What's more, XERO is totally subject to the cloud, hence, there are likewise different difficulties inside the utilization of XERO. In this manner, these difficulties and holes ought to likewise be considered so as to break down adequately examine the significance and difficulties of XERO in the contemporary business industry of Australia. This report has not just examined about favorable circumstances and hindrances of XERO yet additionally it is likewise giving a few suggestions to the advancement of the framework engineering. Suggestion: New Features: The application is required to incorporate new highlights with the goal that the issues in regards to the general record can be kept away from later on. For making the activities of the little associations great, some usefulness in the record area can be overhauled. Validation: as far as giving exact information to the expected individual, utilization of fitting verification is exceptionally important. No information of the administration will be uncovered to the representatives. Preparing: Not all the worker have thought of utilizing a cloud based bookkeeping programming. As far as utilizing the vast majority of a representative, it is required to give preparing to the staff. Improvement: The developmen

Twelve-Step Program to Escaping Dantes Hell free essay sample

A correlation of the hellfire portrayed in Dantes 'The Inferno' to the twelve-advance program required by a drunkard to pass by AA. Dantes The Inferno paints an extraordinarily clear image of what Hell resembles. The excursion Dante attempts so as to advance pass his lost stage and departure Hell can be compared to the 12-Step Program a recouping alcoholic must finish so as to at long last getaway from the grasp of toasting abundance. This paper investigates Dantes venture through the point of view of this 12-Step Program. By experiencing each progression, one can observer the reflective and passionate self-assessment Dante experiences, with a little assistance from his care group, so as to escape Hell. 'The initial step that each recuperating alcoholic must take includes the way toward conceding their concern. Heavy drinkers must recognize that they are defenseless while doing combating their compulsion and they should concede that this dependence on drink has unleashed destruction on their lives to where they have lost control (Alcoholic Anonymous, 1955, 59). We will compose a custom exposition test on Twelve-Step Program to Escaping Dantes Hell or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Dantes quandary is indistinguishable to that of a heavy drinker attempting to recover power over their life. Toward the start of the sonnet, Dante is depicted as having gotten lost on the way of life and attempting to get back on the correct way. Utilizing symbolism, Dante reviews that in his life, he [finds] himself lost in a dim woods, having lost the correct way while half sleeping. '

Global Warming Research Paper

You’ve heard it before, and you’ll hear it again. Global Warming is slowly yet steadily killing our planet. You find it hard to believe, don’t you? When you go out of your house, you find yourself cold and shivering in the harsh winds of December and you think to yourself, how can global warming reign when this year seems to be the coldest you have ever witnessed? The lack of proof combined with a far-fetched theory leads us all to believe that Global Warming is nothing but a mirage, a fallacy that is neither true nor right. On the contrary, this Global Warming research paper is written with the purpose of stating facts and opening your eyes to all the heat waves, diseases and extinction that will come if we are not careful with our knowledge and actions. Before moving on to prove our point, let us first advise you to stop this feeble debate of whether Global Warming is a scientific issue or a political concern or an issue just for the people of faith. The problem at hand affects every single one of us and as long as we are citizens of the Earth, it is our combined concern. ‘Environmental catastrophes are rising and it has become not a matter of If but a matter of when.’ It won’t happen like it does in the movies, all at once. It will happen little by little. Sadly, the effects have already started. The killer hurricanes, dreadful floods and heat waves are happening all over the world. If you learnt about the floods in Bangladesh, then the next news is a hurricane happening in Central America. They look horrifying and sound extreme, but let us warn you that they are just the harbingers of what is to come. From the period of 2010 to 2020, the changes will come in fits and starts, the melting glaciers will cause Europe to have cooler temperature whereas places in the Northern Hemisphere will suffer from a lack of rainfall. This deficiency will be a severe hit to the agricultural areas and lead to loss of food and crops throughout the world. Another bad news will be for the marine life. When all the carbon dioxide humans’ exhale will have nowhere to go, it will find its way into the sea, acidizing it and wreaking havoc on the marine life. To paint a clearer picture, here are some consequences of global warming that have already been set in motion: A speedy melting all over the world, starting from the Earth’s poles, are consequently turning glaciers, ice sheets and the Arctic Sea into liquid. Insects that thrive in the summer like bark beetles have increased dramatically and have chewed up to 4 million acres worth of spruce trees. The number of Adà ©lie penguins has decreased alarmingly from 32,000 to 11,000. If this continues, they’ll become extinct along with many others. Sea levels will rise up to 23 inches and pose threat to cities and countries on the coastlines. There will be less amount of fresh water to drink which will lead to diseases from dirty water. Zika Virus, Malaria and other diseases will spread. Species will begin to move farther up north and some will become extinct, including the Polar bears. Heat waves are already increasing and will lead to exhaustion, strokes and intensifying medical conditions. Let us conclude our research paper with a picture of what the Earth would be like if we do not put an end to the toxic pollution right this very moment. The Earth’s surface would be frozen, the core will thaw and life will perish. Also, keep in mind the consequences of the decision, â€Å"I won’t do my research paper† low grades, unenviable reputation and so on. So, don’t neglect the possibility to place ‘do my research paper’ order.    References: Knox, Joseph B and Ann Foley Scheuring. Global Climate Change and California. 1st ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Jones, Laura. Global Warming. 1st ed. Vancouver: Fraser Institute, 1997. Mendelsohn, Robert. The Greening of Global Warming. 1st ed. 1999. Richards, Global Warming Effects. Nationalgeographic.com. N.p. Jones, Laura. Global Warming. 1st ed. Vancouver: Fraser Institute, 1997. Silver, Cheryl Simon and Ruth S DeFries. One Earth, One Future. 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990. Greenhouse Gangsters vs. Climate Justice. 1st ed. Published by TRAC Transnational Resource and Action Center.

Management Information Systems - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 366 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Information Essay Organization Essay Did you like this example? IT-505: MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS Teaching Scheme Lect 3 Prac Total 3 Int Ass 30 Theory Sem End Marks Hrs 70 3 Examination Scheme Practical Sem Total Int Ass End 100 Total Grand Total 100 Introduction To MIS: MIS-Concept, Definition, Role of MIS, Impact of MIS, Mis and Computer, MIS and Academies, MIS and User Basics Of MIS: Decision Making: Decision Making Concepts, methods, Tools and Procedures. Behavioral Concepts in Decision Making, Organisational Decision Making, MIS and Decision Making Concepts. Information: Concepts, Classification, Methods of Collection, Value of Information, Human as an Information Processor, Information Concepts and their Implications, Organization and Information, MIS and Information Concepts. Systems: Concepts, Control, Types of system, Handling System Complexity, Post Implementation Problems, MIS and System Concepts. Systems Analysis And Design: Need for System Analysis, System Analysis of the Existing System and new Requirement, System D evelopment Model, Structured System Analysis and Design, Computer System Design, MIS and System Analysis. Development Of MIS: Development of Long Range Plans of the MIS, Ascertaining the Class of Information, Determining the Information Requirement, Development and Implementation of the MIS, Management of Quality in the MIS, Organisation for Development of the MIS, Factors of Success and Failures of MIS. Choice Of Information Technology: Nature of I Decision, Strategic Decision, Configuration Design, Evaluation, IT Implementation Plan, Choice of IT and MIS. Applications Of MIS: Applications in Manufacturing Sector: Personal, Financial, Production, Material and Marketing Management, Corporate Overview. Applications in Service Sector: Introduction to Service Sector, Creating a Distinctive Service, MIS Applications in Service Industry. Decision Support Systems: Concept and Philosophy, Deterministic DSS, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Knowledge Based Expert Systems, MIS and Role of DSS. Enterprise Management Systems: Introduction to EMS, Enterprise Resource Planning, ERP Basic features,Benefits,Selection and Implementation,EMS and MIS. Technology Of Information Systems: Data Processing, Transaction Processing, Application Processing, Information System Processing, TQM of Information Systems, Human Factors and User Interface. Business Process Re-engineering: Business Process, Process Model of the Organisation, Value Stream Model of the Organisation Factors Delaying the Business Process, Relevance of Information Technology, MIS and BPR. Case Studies: Case studies of various Companies to be studied by the students from literatures and visits to various Organisations and Companies. Reference Books: 1. Management Information Systems By W S JAWADEKAR, TMH Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management Information Systems" essay for you Create order

Accounting Principles Assignment - 2931 Words

North South University Act 201 Assignment Semester : Summer - 2010 Date Of Submission : 08 - 08 – 2010 Name : Saif Uddin Siddique I D : 102 0610 0 3 0 Faculty : Mdm Section : 03 Question No. 1 : Explain using various examples,how the major accounting concepts are used in preparing financial statements. Answer : There are several accounting concepts that are used by the accountants worldwide in preparing financial statements.Using these principles one can prepare a†¦show more content†¦4 ) Consistency Concept : There can be different accounting treatments for an item.According to consistency concept,when a business has once fixed a specific method for the accounting treatment of an item,it will continue treating the item and the similar items in exactly the same way.For example,a business follow the staright line method for charging depreciation on fixed assets.Suddenly,in a year it changes the method to declining balance method.If such thing is done without any logical consideration,then consistency concept will be violated.The net profit will be affected along with the fixed assets.If there are logical reasons to change the method,then the reasons and the effect should be stated in the notes attached with the financialShow MoreRelatedAcc 206 (Principles of Accounting Ii) Complete Class All Assignments , Dqs and Problems4130 Words   |  17 PagesACC 206 (Principles of Accounting II) Complete Class All Assignments ,DQs and Problems Click Following Link To get Entire Class http://homework-aid.com/ACC-206-Complete-Class-All-Assignments-DQs-and-Problems-617.htm You can get entire class as well as single Assignments and DQs ACC 206 Week 1 Assignment Chapter 1 Problems ACC 206 Week 1 Assignment Chapter 1 Problems Why are noncash transactions, such as the exchange of common stock a building, included on a statement of cash flows? 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Culture Festival Promotion of Riverside Space †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Culture Festival Promotion of Riverside Space. Answer: Introduction: Participatory culture is the different concept from the customer concept. It is a culture in which the public not only can act as a consumer, but also as producers and contributors. Through the advantages of the technologies, it is easy for a private person to create a social networking site. These social networking sites enable the private individuals to work collectively, generation and sequestration of ideas, news, and the creative work and to connect the people having similar ideas, interests, and goals (Barbara Lueneburg, 2016). Participatory culture breaks the participation barriers, provides a strong supporting system for informal mentorship, sharing, for the person who feels that their contribution is essential and for the person who thinks that the participation of other is important. Participatory culture gives a reward to the participants. Consensus culture is the base of the productive participatory culture. In the consensus culture, people that have experience or expertise in a particular field come together and work collaboratively for the achievement of the particular goal. There is the achievement of that goal, fixation or solution to a problem by the collective efforts of the productive participants (Barbara Lueneburg, 2016). Creative culture is the culture in which the people are encouraged to support, create, comment and share in safer and highly supportive environment. In the universe, a wide variety of cultures exit and these different cultures have a variety of the arts, creation, and expertise. In the spaces, there is a number of fan followers of art and creation and of these cultures (Winch, 2014). In the universe, a lot of people exit that is passionate about their art and creation and also there are a number of fan followers that admire their art and creation. So, the creative culture helps in the promotion of creativity (Winch, 2014). Discussion culture is the culture in which the outcome or a topic is the core of the participation. News sites, sports activities, and the food blog, from this anyone, would be the topic of the discussion participation. The participants of the discussion are not a permanent participant; they join or leave the participation depending upon their topic of interest. So the different individuals of the society can be the part of the participatory culture according to their interest, creation, and expertise. In the past world, it is difficult to be the part of the participatory cultures overseas. But now, with the emergence of the convergence culture, everyone can easily participate in the participatory culture (Fish, 2013). The convergence culture is the culture that involves the digital revolution, means the change of broadcasting media to the digital media. With the help of the digital media, the flow of information, art, creation, and views become easy and quick (Berquist, 2008). By the convergence media, content flow among the platforms of the multiple media, coordination between the world wide industries, the flow of the art, creation, and entertainment to their lover is possible. This convergence culture helps everyone to become the part of the participatory culture. The social media plays important role in the convergence culture because of their huge popularity and usability (Yeon Lee, 2015). Social media is the computer based technology that promotes the sharing and creation of ideas, creation, information, career interest and other types of the expression through networks and virtual communities. The user of the social media accesses the services through the technologies of the web on their laptops, computers and android phones (Majewski, 2015). When the user accesses the services of the social media, then they can easily create an interconnecting platform that connects the individuals, communities, and organization for sharing, discussion, co-creation, and modification of the online posted content that is pre made or user generated. The social media have changed the way in which the organizations and people communicate (Majewski, 2015). Social media has advantages over the paper based media such as newspaper, magazines and broadcast media such as a TV in quality, frequency, reach, usability, interconnectivity, and immediacy. In contrast to the monologic transmission s ystem that is the transmission of information from one to a number receiver, the social media are operating through the dialogic transmission that is the transmission of information from numbers of the sources to the number of receivers. The most popular web sites of the social media are Facebook, Twitter, Gab, Google, Instagram, Pinterest, Snapchat, Reddit, Viber, Tumblr, Linkedln, WeChat, Whatapp, Youtube, Wikia, and Weibo. These websites have 100,000,000 or more than that user (Majewski, 2015). In the promotion of the participatory culture social media plays an important role. Social media and the other digital technologies provide the new opportunities and possibilities of participation among the people (Langlois, 2012). Through the social media people are not only restricted to be users or consumers, now they can easily become producers. The social media support various types of the offline services and have consequences real economic, social and cultural. The social networking sites help in exploring the fan community for the funding projects. The social media visibly brought a new era of the communication and participatory culture. Social media enable the people to participate in the services that are beyond to their reach prier (Koo Shin, 2015). There are an example of the Kickstarter, a crowd funding sites that discuss the newer type of the ideas of participation and how the communities of the fans use it. By this Kickstarter sites, the fans communities are able to s hare, donate and participate (Langlois, 2012). For their participation, fans were actively able to be credited and acknowledged. The social media have also changed the way to publish the opinion and to raise their voice. Sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram provide the platform for everyone to express their views, have a conversation on any topic, to share their achievements and so on (Langlois, 2012). These social networking sites give the opportunity to have a discussion or a debate on the particular topics. With the help of these social sites, the peoples are not only consumers; they can easily share their own point of view and become the participants. In recent time, people have a mobile phone, smart gadgets, they can click pictures and capture video and able to make their own news content and share anytime and anywhere (Langlois, 2012). The social media other dimensions to search, like and share debates and conversation in which they want to become a part. In addition to the news journalism, the other type of journalism that is influenced by the social media is the fashion journalism. In the fashion journalism, the bloggers have completely changed the fashion industry (Koo Shin, 2015). Many of the fashion bloggers have started to write a blog as their hobby and these fashion bloggers wrote a comment on the reviewed product, new fashion trends and on the purchased clothes. Fashion bloggers become popular due to their unfiltered opinions and attraction of a lot of people to read the blogs (Fisher, 2014). The fashion bloggers are so popular that many of its bloggers become style icons, influences for the society and even they are invited for the fashion shows. Fashion blogging that is the alternative to the traditional media now becomes the mainstream (Tripp, 2008). Because of the abundance of followers and readers, a huge number of companies and many brands have started to collaborate and work the bloggers for advertising strategies. Th ese fashion bloggers have social influence, so they are important for the fashion brands. Example, of the fashion bloggers is the forever 21 collaborations (Fisher, 2014). From the above discussion on participatory culture, consequences culture and social media, it is clear that participatory culture supports to lower the barrier to the participations, encourage sharing of ideas, creativity, and information. So, everyone has to be a part of the participatory culture (Tripp, 2008). Consequences culture and the social media improve the participation through the quick and easy access. Through the social networking sites, everyone can easily become the participant of the participatory culture. But, there are many challenges of the participatory (Tripp, 2008) culture, so the people should be aware of these challenges before being a part of the participatory culture. The challenges of the participatory culture can be easily understood by the clear definition of the meaningful participation. There is a binary concept for the meaningful participation. Thinking of participatory culture in analogue terms is more realistic and more useful. The first step for the media literacy should include concentration on the skills required for the participation (Jenkins Deuze, 2008). If the people want to increase the opportunities for the participation, the people should broaden their digital literacy. The people should not only have the knowledge that how to use smart gadgets and computer, there should be also the knowledge of programming the machinery that controls the lives (Jenkins Deuze, 2008). These smart gadgets, laptops, and computers should be in the control of the human being, not the human being should be in control of these gadgets. Digital literacy is essential for everyone because it clears the power of the social media and also the false consequ ences of the illegal use of the social media (Jenkins Deuze, 2008). In some of the cases, the existence of participation is more troublesome than the absence of the participation. Sometimes, in the organization, there is cultural of decision making from top to bottom, than the participatory people only waste their energy (Noy, 2016). The participants of these types of the organization feel discouraged and hopeless. Thus, it is very important for the people to clear the participatory procedure of the organization before being a participant. The participatory procedure is meaningless if the power to articulation to the projects objective and goals depend on the few people of the organization (Kavada, 2010). Many organizations have the feedback section on their web sites; these sites give the appearance of the participatory person of the organization. But when the participants have close looked on the sites than it is clear that the comments on the sites are first filtered and after the filtrations, the relevant comments are posted on the sites (Kavada, 2010). In the society, there is some situation where the moderation is necessary. For example, the participatory culture that includes minorities, in these types of culture participants has rights to disclose the transparency of the participatory moderation practices (Fisher, 2014). Thus, the meaningful participation is necessary to have the benefits of the participatory culture. To conclude, it is clear that everyone can participate in the participatory culture. Participatory culture has a lot of advantages it helps to lower the barrier of participation, promotes civic encouragement and artistic expression and provides proper support in sharing ones creation. In the participatory culture, every participant has felt that their participation is essential and got an appreciation for the same (Fisher, 2014). Depending on the area of the interest any person can choose the area of participation, such as consensus, creative and discussion. With the emergence of the convergence culture, the traditional broadcasting media is converted to the digital media. Digital media is most efficient and rapid method of the participation. In recent times, the social media sites encourage the participatory culture. The maximum population of this era uses smart gadgets, on this gadget, they access the web. Thus, with the help of the social media everyone can participate in the participatory culture. Before being a participant in participatory culture, the people should be aware of the challenges of the participatory culture. The participatory culture in which the people want to become the participant, there should be deep knowledge of the participatory procedures (Gulbrandsen Just, 2011). The participatory procedure will give the information that how much the participation is important for the organization. The people should have a close look on the feedback sites of the organization that clears that the comments are filtered or unfil tered. Through the social media, everyone can be the participant of the participatory culture of their interest by closing considering the challenges of the participatory culture. References Barbara Lueneburg. (2016). From 'Highbrow Art' to Participatory Culture A Potential for Change.Ruukku, (6). https://dx.doi.org/10.22501/ruu.253119 Berquist, T. (2008). Maintenance of Certification: Everyone Needs to Participate.American Journal Of Roentgenology,191(3), 635-636. https://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.08.1396 Fish, A. (2013). Participatory Television: Convergence, Crowdsourcing, and Neoliberalism.Communication, Culture Critique,6(3), 372-395. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12016 Fisher, E. (2014). You Media: audiencing as marketing in social media.Media, Culture Society,37(1), 50-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443714549088 Fisher, E. (2014). You Media: audiencing as marketing in social media.Media, Culture Society,37(1), 50-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443714549088 Gulbrandsen, I., Just, S. (2011). The collaborative paradigm: towards an invitational and participatory concept of online communication.Media, Culture Society,33(7), 1095-1108. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443711416066 Jenkins, H., Deuze, M. (2008). Editorial: Convergence Culture.Convergence: The International Journal Of Research Into New Media Technologies,14(1), 5-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354856507084415 Kavada, A. (2010). Email lists and participatory democracy in the European Social Forum.Media, Culture Society,32(3), 355-372. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443709361167 Koo, M., Shin, Y. (2015). A Study of Information About Culture And Art Based On Application.The Journal Of The Convergence On Culture Technology,1(4), 65-69. https://dx.doi.org/10.17703/jcct.2015.1.4.65 Langlois, G. (2012). Participatory Culture and the New Governance of Communication.Television New Media,14(2), 91-105. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476411433519 Majewski, P. (2015). Nationalism, Cyberspace and Convergence Culture.Colloquia Humanistica, (1), 65-79. https://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2012.005 Noy, C. (2016). Participatory Media and Discourse in Heritage Museums: Co-constructing the Public Sphere?.Communication, Culture Critique,10(2), 280-301. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12160 Tripp, M. (2008). Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture.Hyperrhiz: New Media Cultures, (5), 1-1. https://dx.doi.org/10.20415/hyp/005.r03 Winch, M. (2014). Public private partnerships: Can small municipalities participate?.Papers In Canadian Economic Development,7(0), 63. https://dx.doi.org/10.15353/pced.v7i0.42 Yeon, S., Lee, Y. (2015). Application on the Convergence Technology for Culture Festival Promotion of Riverside Space.The Journal Of The Convergence On Culture Technology,1(4), 79-86. https://dx.doi.org/10.17703/jcct.2015.1.4.79

Oil Never Sleeps Essays - Petroleum, Surfboard,

Oil Never Sleeps Recently while reading Surfer Magazine I came across a fascinating article called "Oil Never Sleeps". At first I thought it would ge just another "Environmental Complaint" or whining session. Surfers are always concerned with the ocean and the safety of using it. I was surprised to see a new view or perspective being used. In the past, oil contaminations were always told of from an etic point of view towards the oil industry. In this artilce, the author connects with the surfers and the oil industry as being part of both of them (Emic). His discussion making this inclusion was very clever. The surfboards, wetsuits, wax, and accessories are primarily made from petroleum. The transportation to the beach even uses and supports this beast that's been destroying the ocean and earth. His examination of the data is fairly thorough. It reminded me of class discussions about cultures that exploit nature versus those who live in harmony with it. All of this time I have felt myself to be one of the more environmentally aware people. I ride bicycle and skateboard locally to keep from using a car. Now after reading about "petroleum surfboards", I realize that bicycles have a lot more oil in them than you might think. All of the safety gear is oil, the helmet, pads, shoes, lycra shorts, bottles, even the wristwatch. The same applies to skateboarding. At this point I look up and see thousands of gallons of oil in my house. I'm surrounded by it. My sofas, phones, t.v., vcrs, planters, catbox, computer system, picture frames, all of my product containers, security system, bags, tapes, cameras, even the pen I'm using. I wear it, put it in my mouth twice a day to clean my teeth, massage my head for vanity with it, cover my eyes with it, talk to it, carry it in my pockets, buy groceries with it, get cash with it, and walk with it on my feet. It makes me ill thinking that I pointed the finger outward to lay blame on "them" when Exxon Valdez spilled our lover into the ocean. The culture of the industrial world has revolved around oil. It fights and kills for it. It's worse than any drug addiction and more powerful than money (which was printed on 50% oil based paper). This illness is limited to those of us above the farming level. The mode of subsistence for the whole world is oil, with exception of the rapidly disappearing natural inhabitants (tribes, animals, etc..). The author didn't look this deeply into the subject, but it did probe me to look at the whole picture about oil. Nevertheless, his picture of us and oil is just as terrible. The ending didn't give many reasonable solutions, there can always be safer ships, but until this "culture of oil" develops higher understanding or moves on, we will all have to deal with spills, land contamination, and acid rain. If the earth is our mother, then oil is our lover.

dazed and confused vs the breakfast club essays

dazed and confused vs the breakfast club essays The carefree years vs. the petty years At one time or another, a movie is made about every generation. Dazed and Confused is for the 1970s group of Americans (during the coming of age) when bellbottoms and marijuana were the fashion, drinking and driving had yet to become unthinkable, and safe sex was used only to avoid pregnancy. The Breakfast Club is a remembrance of the 1980s era of pegged jeans, glitter and leg warmers, when AIDS started but only through rumors, and drugs were the only escape. Throughout the precedent decades teens in schools across the country experience a society that consists of social groups, also known as cliques. Cliques, which are natural to American society, can take the concentration off of the anxiety and reason each teenager sets foot in a high school. Dazed and Confused and The Breakfast Club are perfect examples of the typical American high school. Dazed and Confused follows the lives of various groups of teenagers, during the last day of school in 1976, as they stray around their hometown. The movie is all about their philosophies on life, work, love and especially their futures that we never hear about. Among the characters, there is Randall Floyd a young football player, pressured into choosing between being drug-free or authority-free. Then there is Mitch, an upcoming high school freshman trying to fit in, who spends the day running away from the senior hazing team, while attempting to hang out with the older crowd. Its a time when everyone wastes their lives away in the carefree high school years together no matter who you are. The movie is not only funny and entertaining. It is a historic document of life, and is one of the most honest teen movies in the movie archives. The message of the movie is not much but to stand up for what you believe and resist all authority. Dazed and Confused captures the "have fun now before it's too late" state of mind...

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 21

Business Ethics - Essay Example Therefore, the Civil False Claims Act of 1986 strengthened the government’s course of pursuing the legal claims against its fraudulent contractors. The study highlights a review of the act and the argumentative approach that would solve the litigants’ quest to drop the law’s stringent measures. The clauses of the Civil False Claims Act commonly called the Whistle-blowers act establishes that the federal government has the mandate to pursue a lawsuit against any of its contractors whenever there is a suspicious case concerning fraud. Secondly, the act’s clauses indicate that employees or any other interested parties have the legal mandate to implicate any fraudulent firm working for the government at an individual capacity. Since the government contracts different firms for the delivery of different products and services that eventually affect the majority population, it is apparent that the act is a controllable to curb any fraudulent acts from the contracted parties. According to research, the government has been involved in 20% of the lawsuits filed against its fraudulent contractors. It is known that 80% of the cases are pursued by the whistleblowers until the court’s final jurisdiction. It is critical for the government to understand that cases of fraud w ould not cease with the firms remaining contented of the lack of probability that the federal government would intervene and pursue any cases presented by a relator. The fact that the qui tam lawsuits are expensive to pursue as an individual, the government should change the act’s clauses and include a government unit that would act as a recipient to all whistleblowers with the aim of identifying the evidence of cases. Secondly, the changes should develop a fund for the individual whistle-blowers to use in their pursuit in the fraud cases holding to the knowledge that the intentions are meant to yield revenue after the recovery of the damages.

Hate Violence Turn it off by Tim Goodman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hate Violence Turn it off by Tim Goodman - Essay Example Goodman reiterates his thesis statement throughout his essay to make sure that his argument is easy enough to understand and his reasoning simple enough to follow. The social context of this essay is applicable to almost anyone, from young children to concerned adults. While this essay seems to be meant for children, in actual fact Goodman is trying to get through to parents because he knows they are in a position to enforce change in the family home. Goodman used logical arguments that parents would understand, but even more important was the fact that he did not go overboard by criticizing parents too much. The author tried to steer parents away from complaining about violence on television to a local official and instead use the remote to take control back of the television. I feel that Goodman did make a good choice for the intended audience and purpose of this assignment because if he had missed the mark then he may have made people resent his argument. The writer used a clear structure to his essay with three distinct supporting arguments. More importantly, Goodman continually stressed the overall purpose of the essay after every couple of paragraphs so that the reader did not forget what the argument was. Goodman used to tone and language that was necessary for parents of young kids to hear. He tried to get on their side by pointing out that complaining about it won't actually do anything and they should be the ones to make a change rather than telling others to change. Goodman quite rightfully states that some people prefer to watch violence on television, and those people should not have their rights taken away just because someone else doesn't like it. Instead, we all have the choice to watch or not watch so it really comes back to us. Â  

Thyroid Cancer in Women Essay Example for Free

Thyroid Cancer in Women Essay Introduction Thyroid cancer is admittedly the commonest endocrine malignancy often detected among young patients and frequently among the women. In most populations, the median age of its detection tends to be quite low, actually below 40 in most cases. It is currently the fastest growing cancers among women. Despite the fact that the cancer is still quite rare, it continues to be increasingly on the rise among women across the globe and especially pregnant women. Most experts are not quite certain on the causes despite the fact that they have been able to identify the risk factors at play. Essentially, there are four main types of thyroid cancer: Follicular, papillary, medullary and anaplastic. Papillary and follicular thyroid cancers are jointly referred to as differentiated thyroid cancer since their prognosis is more favorable relative to the other types. Among most young women, their pregnancy periods are usually accompanied with differentiated thyroid cancer. The management of this type of cancer poses risks due to the concerns of maternal and fetal health. With most women experiencing rises in differentiated thyroid cancer during pregnancy with a prevalence rate of 14 per 100,000, it has become necessary to discern the management of the ailment (Smith, Danielsen, Allen Cress, 2003) Literature review Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has a higher incident among women within  their reproductive ages. It has long been speculated that the association between human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estrogen and DTC exists. Numerous studies have pointed out an association between high parity and the risk of DTC in pregnant women (Kravdal, Glattre, Haldorsen, 1991). However, the data on the association between DTC and estrogen seem to be gravely inconsistent with some studies indicating a pro-proliferative effect on the thyroid cancer cell lines occasioned with estrogen while other studies point at estrogens stimulatory effect on the adenomatous and normal thyroid only (Lee et al., 2005) Clinical data also conflicts; one study revealed a high risk of DTC infection among women exposed to oral contraceptives containing estrogen with another reporting no association between DTC and usage of exogenous hormones Data on the effect of HCG on DTC tends to be very discordant and non confirmatory. Despite the fact that rising levels of HCG during pregnancy tends to stimulate the production of thyroid hormones, there has not been any coherent evidence that links HCG and DTC. On the basis of women cohort using fertility drugs for treatment, there was no association observed between use of HCG and DTC. Simply put, according to available epidemiologic data, high parity and the risk to DTC are associated; but there is still some lack of clarity with regard to outcomes of DTC diagnosed at pregnancy (Mack, Preston-Martin, Bernstein, Qian, Xiang, 1999). As a result of the overt female to male ratio in the incidence of thyroid cancer, particularly the differentiated cancers, within their reproductive years, epidemiological studies have seriously focused on the role of reproductive exposures among women. Most studies have generally come up with findings that concur with the role of reproductive exposures. There is a minimal contribution of reproductive factors in the etiology and development of thyroid cancer among women. In fact, several case control studies have revealed increased risk with abortion or miscarriage, particularly during the first pregnancy (McTiernan Weiss Daling, 1987). Arguably, this is one of the most recognized reproductive risk factor for differentiated thyroid cancer among women. There is an elevated risk of developing thyroid cancer among women who use lactation suppressants and this risk seems to increase with the number of pregnancies in which the suppressants are used (McTiernan, Weiss Daling, 1984). Risk factors for thyroid cancer A risk factor refers to anything that plays a role in influencing a person’s chance of contracting a particular disease. Admittedly, there are several risk factors behind any particular cancer. It must however be emphasized that risk factors do not tell everything, rather, they illuminate, to a less degree, the probable cause of the disease. It must also be asserted that the absence of a risk factor does not absolve one from contracting a particular cancer. Experts have also come to the conclusion that having one or several risk factors increases the chances of one contracting the cancer. In the case of thyroid cancer, there are a number of risk factors that have been reported and they will be discussed below. Gender and age have been noted to be among the leading risk factors of thyroid cancer. Globally, women are three times likely to be affected by thyroid cancer compared with their male counterparts. On the issue of age, thyroid cancer can develop at any particular age. However, two thirds of the cancer cases are more prevalent between ages 20 and 55.On the other hand, anaplastic thyroid cancer tends to be diagnosed after 60 year of age (Braunstein, 2011). Exposure to radiation has scientifically been proven to be a risk factor in the development of thyroid cancer. The main sources of the radiations could emanate from medical treatments, nuclear weapons and fallouts from power plant accidents. Moderate levels of exposure to radiations increase the risks of follicular and papillary cancer. Such sources include: †¢ Low to moderate doses of x- ray treatments that were used to treat children with tonsils, acne ad other head and neck pains †¢ Persons who have received radiation therapy for lymphoma in the head and neck are more inclined to develop follicular and papillary cancer. †¢ Early exposure to radioactive iodine especially at childhood increases the risk of contracting follicular and papillary cancers. There are certain types of thyroid cancer that are normally associated with genes. Actually, 20% of patients suffering from medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) tend to possess an abnormal gene that facilitates the development of the disease (Cooper et al, 2009). The gene is usually passed to offspring. The thyroid cancer that emanates from genetic abnormality is referred to as familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. In the case of papillary thyroid cancer, there is some element of heredity but the genetic basis hasn’t been established. Intake of dietary iodine is a leading environmental influence of thyroid cancer prevalence in particular. Follicular thyroid cancers tend to be more prevalent in geographic locations with low iodine in diets. In the United States, there is adequate iodine as it is normally added in diets. Diets low in iodine may increase to incidence of papillary thyroid cancer when the victim is also exposed to some radioactivity. Management of thyroid cancer Approximately 10% of thyroid cancer cases that occur in the reproductive years of most women tend to be detected during pregnancy or early in their post- partum period (Cooper et al, 2009). In the case of a pregnant woman, treatment and subsequent follow-up tend to be similar to the non pregnant women save for the prescription and use of radioactive iodine. There are certain differences in the manner in which differentiated thyroid cancer and medullary thyroid cancer are treated. However, the most important considerations in the treatment of thyroid cancer in pregnant women must entail: †¢ Effect of the cancer on the pregnancy †¢ Effect of the pregnancy on the cancer †¢ Effects of the management modalities on the outcome of the pregnancy Managing DTC during pregnancy will mainly fall between two scenarios: The first entails women diagnosed from the beginning during pregnancy while the other one will include women who had previously been infected who have now become pregnant or are anticipating pregnancy. Each of the groups brings with it peculiar therapeutic challenges that demand for a clinical approach guided by the disease stage, preferences of the patient and the particular stage of the pregnancy. Thyroid surgery at pregnancy There is no objective consensus on the ideal timing of surgery for DTC women in labor. Generally, individualized decisions tend to be based on the wishes of the patient and other risk factors. However, in the event that a surgery has to be performed as a result of a large tumor or even the patient’s concern then it is better performed during the second trimester of the pregnancy to reduce the risk of abortion that is bound to occur if the surgery is performed in the first trimester. In case there is no life threatening risk, then it is recommended that the surgery be done after delivery (Cooper et al, 2009). Radioiodine therapy during pregnancy This therapy is usually contraindicated at pregnancy since it exposes the fetus to highly radioactive elements that may impair its normal development. Therefore, women scheduled for this therapy must exclude their pregnancy phase. Postpartum radioiodine therapy must be deferred for 6-8 weeks after breastfeeding has stopped. Thyroid hormone replacement and pregnancy Such a therapy must commence with some pre- pregnancy counseling on the importance of undertaking frequent thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and of adjusting dosage. Personal refection Admittedly, the numerous incidents of DTC among women and in particular pregnant women have become issues of great concern. Despite the numerous research that has been undertaken on the topic, none has concretely provided the main reason why women continue to be victims of the disease. Nonetheless, if women will be screened early before reaching their prime years, the chances of being treated of the diseases are high and as such the development of the fetus will not be hampered. Additionally, despite the fact that certain risk factors are beyond our control, the ones under human control, such as iodine presence in diets, ought to be addressed and enforced. Conclusion There is no doubt whatsoever that the incidents of thyroid cancer are on the rise and especially among women. The data that has been adopted in the research is indeed suggestive despite the fact that it fails to fully convince. It must be admitted that mankind, despite making several advancements in medical technology, has contributed to enhancement of thyroid malignancy by adopting therapeutic radiations as well as nuclear fission. Hence, the resulting high thyroid cancer prevalence has been buoyed by genetic mutation, environmental carcinogens and autoimmune phenomena. With proper clinical attendance, thyroid cancer can be properly managed with exposing the mother or the fetus to any danger. It is therefore recommended that women should always be screened early in life and regularly to avoid the compromising situations that the find themselves in whenever they are pregnant. References Braunstein, G. (2011).Thyroid Cancer. Boston: Springer. D. S. Cooper, G. M. Doherty, B. R. Haugen et al.(2009).Revised American thyroid association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid, 19 (11), 1167–1214, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19860577 M. L. Lee, G. G. Chen, A. C. Vlantis, G. M. K. Tse, B. C. H. Leung, and C. A. Van Hasselt(2005).Induction of thyroid papillary carcinoma cell proliferation by estrogen is associated with an altered expression of Bcl-xL. Cancer Journal, 11(2), 113–121.Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Induction%20of%20thyroid%20papillary%20carcinoma%20cell%20proliferation%20by%20estrogen%20is%20associated%20with%20an%20altered%20expression%20of%20Bcl-xL. McTiernan A. M., Weiss N. S., Daling J. R. (1984). Incidence of thyroid cancer in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors. Am. J. Epidemiology., 120: 423-435.Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/120/3/423 McTiernan A., Weiss N. S., Daling J. R. (1987). Incidence of thyroid cancer in women in relation to known or suspected risk factors for breast cancer. Cancer Res., 47: 292-295.Retrieved on September 24, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3791213 O. Kravdal, E. Glattre, and T. Haldorsen. (1991).Positive correlation between parity and incidence of thyroid cancer: new evidence based on complete Norwegian birth cohorts. International Journal of Cancer, 49(6) 831–836.Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1959987 Smith, L., Danielsen, B., Allen, M., Cress, R. (2003). Cancer associated with obstetric delivery: results of linkage with the California cancer registry. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 189(4), 1128-1135. Retrieved September 24, 2012, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14586366 W. J. Mack, S. Preston-Martin, L. Bernstein, D. Qian, and M. Xiang (1999).Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for thyroid cancer in Los Angeles County females. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, (8)11, 991–997.Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Reproductive%20and%20hormonal%20risk%20factors%20for%20thyroid%20cancer%20in%20Los%20Angeles%20County%20females

The Overwhelming Essay -- Character Analysis, Jack, Dr. Gansana

In The Overwhelming, Mizinga says to Jack, "One is defined by what one is against. And who. To struggle against these people, to fight for what is yours. To suffer and yet to struggle on: This is what makes life precious. And brings understanding (p 76-77)". Within the three novels that will be discussed in this essay, the aforementioned quote highlights the dilemma that each protagonist faces on his way from innocence to maturation (word choice). In The Overwhelming, the protagonist, Jack travels to Rwanda during the onset of the Rwandan genocide. In search of his friend, Dr. Gansana, Jack learns that the workings of Rwanda is nothing like his home country, and experiences firsthand the brutality that would occur over the following weeks. He must make a decision between his son and his friend, and ultimately chooses his son, leading to the death of his friend. The Innocent, by Ian McEwan, Leonard, a sheltered adult, travels to a post World War 2 German for work. He encounters games of espionage, and what can be called love. This connection takes him from adolescence to maturation, to the point where he inadvertently commits murder. Lastly, Native Son, by Richard Wright, tells the story of Bigger, an African American youth, who faces external strife from his immediate environment. In a racially discriminating America, Bigger commits murder and is freed. He goes from being inhibited and beaten down by his environment, to attain a sense of freedom. With this said, all these men encounter murder, whether the decisions made were deliberate or inadvertent. While their reactions are different, it can be seen that murder transforms their innocence or contributes to the loss of it. In The Overwhelming, Jack Exley enters Rwanda with inte... ...k man in America. While he also kills Bessie, she has less of an effect because she is African American as well. Despite this, Bigger still commits murder. Fletcher states, "You are liable for murder if (1) you act (2) intentionally (3) to bring about the death of (4) a living human being, and you are not acting in (5) self-defense or while (6) insane (Fletcher, 97)†. In Bigger’s case, he is guilty for both murders. The murder of Mary was accidental but he disposed of her body in brutal fashion. This fashion however was out of fear of being caught. Because of the racial difference, it was very likely that Bigger would get in trouble for being caught with Mary, if not worse, lynched. His murder of Bessie revolved around the fact that she may have given him away to the police. With this said, it is clear these murders revolve around the fear of being caught.

George Orwell 1984 Essay

In this essay I intend to investigate experiences and historical events in Orwell’s lifetime. These events may have significantly influenced Orwell’s style, structure and theme, contributing to the political and artistic nature of his novel. I also intend to compare the contradictory interpretations of Orwell’s ‘message’. Did he intend 1984 as a warning, a prediction, or a historical novel? Despite its critics 1984 has made a significant impression on the modern world. Its infiltration into reality television may not be a tribute Orwell would have appreciated but many of his terms and phrases have been used to highlight threats to social and personal freedom. I will use this as a basis to ascertain whether there are other aspects of Orwell’s novel that have become reality in the modern world. 1984 by George Orwell was written in1947/48. This era has been referred to as ‘The age of anxiety, the age of the lost generation’. (www. historyguide. org/europe/lecture10) It was a nightmare world where individuality was lost. The totalitarian states of the time, exercised complete control over the lives of their human subjects. The Great War (World War One) facilitated totalitarian regimes, simply because war has only one objective: victory. â€Å"Individuality is sacrificed for collectivism and freedom is restricted as governments reject liberal values†. (www. historyguide. org/europe/lecture10) This mood of anxiety and conformity, is clearly illustrated in 1984; this is portrayed in the early pages of the novel and is maintained throughout. Orwell cleverly uses his descriptive talent, to set the scene for his reader. At the very beginning of his novel ‘the vile wind, the swirl of gritty dust’ (Page 4) projects a negative image of life in 1984. The maintenance of these visual images is preserved and comparisons, between post-war Britain and 1984, are recognisable. Examples of these are the shortages, rationing and the bombsites of the 1940’s. Orwell successfully engages the readers’ senses to conjure up images within the mind of the reader. ‘The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats’. (Page 4) I found phrases like this one actually made me feel the squalor and deprivation he was describing. The use of visual cues is also a theme, which starts on the first page of Orwell’s novel. He continually presents images that could be describing London during the 1940’s, but are in fact describing life in 1984. ‘A coloured poster too large for indoor display has been tacked to the wall ’(Page 4) Orwell has managed to reaffirm the squalid surroundings by the use of the word ‘tacked’ before he has even described the poster. ‘It depicted simply an enormous face, more than a metre wide: the face of a man of about forty-five with heavy black moustache and ruggedly hand-some features’. Many have suggested that Orwell based his character â€Å"Big Brother† the leader of the party on Stalin and Hitler because they all shared similar physical characteristics and had the ability to â€Å"manipulate the minds of the masses†. (The Worlds Most Evil Men). However, Churchill was also â€Å"recognised for his skill in altering peoples minds†(The History Of World War II) which could be interpreted that, the people of the 1940’s were being manipulated, regardless of their countries political status. His creative talent excelled itself with the name of his totalitarian leader. Big Brother conveys an image of trust and loyalty with the idea that he is a member of your family who is a figure affording protection and security. This is a complete contradiction to the lives of the Russian citizens under Stalin or the German people during Hitler’s rein and indeed the population of nineteen eighty four had little opportunity to feel safe. The naming of other characters within his novel, I suspect, had a deeper meaning. For example Emmanuel Goldstein’s face was described as It resembled the face of a sheep and the voice, too, had a sheep like quality. The significance of this description becomes more meaningful if you look at a poster (see appendix 1) used during World War II. Henri Guigon represented Churchill as a British bulldog in an American poster. To the whole world Britain’s new prime minister epitomised the stubborn and proud nature of the British. Orwell uses animals for descriptive comparison frequently in his writing but the use of a sheep, in this instance, is a curious choice. The character Goldstein is the leader of the opposition and sheep like qualities conjure up images of low intelligence and all following the crowd. This is a form of sarcasm that implies ridicule, disapproval, or contempt Sarcasm often includes an element of irony. Winston’s description of the opposition is not dissimilar to party members. Orwell could have been expressing his concerns with how Churchill’s War Cabinet, had on occasions, behaved no differently from the fascist regimes of the era. News was censored, wages controlled and travel restricted under the guise of wartime necessity. (Guardian 2002). However Goldstein is a Jewish name and World War II had just ended when this book was being written. Goldstein is used as a scapegoat in 1984, which has, parallels with the Nazis attempt to blame their problems on the Jews. In my opinion the name of Orwell’s main character Winston Smith also had a deeper, if somewhat personal meaning. Orwell was a dying man, when he wrote this novel, and he was probably aware it would be his final legacy to the world. He had a reluctant admiration for Churchill. Although he did not always agree with his policies he admired him not only for his courage but also a certain â€Å"largeness and geniality†. The History Of World War II) This admiration was expressed in the form of poetry that he rarely wrote. (See appendix 2). It is a fitting acknowledgement of this respect, that Winston became the name of his primary character. Smith is simply a very common English name, which gives the impression that Winston Smith is a very ordinary citizen not dissimilar to oneself. The caption under the Big Brother posters read â€Å" Big Brother is watching you† (Page 4) Orwell’s use of capital letters for this caption, and indeed others later in the book, gives increased impact to the reader of the significance of these words. It gives a sense of the controlling nature of the society in which the citizens of 1984 lived; constantly being watched by the eyes of Big Brother. It was similar to the blackouts enforced during World War II where wardens’ patrolled neighbourhood, and failure to conform, resulted in humiliating offenders in front of their neighbours. (The History Of World War II) The use of posters and slogans in Orwell’s novel may well have been inspired by the vast array of similar images used during World War II. England and Germany, among others, used large images, in a poster format, to send messages to their people. These were used to encourage conformity, solidarity and patriotism within each nation. At times they were also used to inflate morale at home and abroad, while at the same time humiliating and ridiculing their opponents. (See appendix 3) A good example of this, used in World War II, is the appearance of ‘V’ on walls in German- occupied Belgium. The Flemish speaking Belgians would interpret this as ‘vrijheid’, which means freedom, and the French speaking Belgians would understand this to mean ‘victoire’ (victory). This is a cruel psychological attack on an already defeated nation. Winston describes party slogans, in 1984, on the walls of buildings, which also have contradictory meanings. â€Å"War is peace, Freedom is Slavery and Ignorance is Strength† (Page 6) Orwell uses this type of psychological approach in different ways throughout his novel. Orwell’s wife, Eileen O’Shaughnessy (1905-1945) had a degree in psychology from Oxford University. Obtained in the 1920’s this would have been a significant achievement for a woman at that time and her influence on Orwell’s writing has been recognised. Eileen wrote a poem called â€Å"End Of The Century, 1984†(1934). There are similarities between the futuristic vision of Eileen’s poem and Orwell’s 1984, including mind control and the destruction of personal freedom. (www. arlindo-correia) The aggression, described by Winston, during the two-minute hate, and the hangings could have been influenced by Eileen’s psychological knowledge. There are various psychological theories as to why people display aggression. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed aggressive impulses are a reaction to frustrations of daily lives. This theory could easily be applied to the citizens in 1984. Freud’s theories were very influential during the 1940’s/50’s and his written articles had an almost political language, when referring to human behaviour, which may have appealed to Orwell’s political and artistic nature. Behavioural psychologists believe behaviour is learnt through reinforcement; their theory is that humans respond to social reinforcement such as social approval. In the 1940’s solidarity and conformity in Britain was achieved via camaraderie â€Å"every one doing their bit†. (Yesterdays Britain) In 1984 it was built on fear. In the following quote Winston describes what happens to citizens who don’t conform to the party’s political orthodoxy. In the vast majority of cases there was no trial, no report of the arrest. People simply disappeared, always during the night. Your name was removed from the registers, everything you had ever done was wiped out, your one-time existence was denied and then forgotten. You were abolished, annihilated: vaporized. (Page 22) This type of enforcement was common after the death of Lenin in 1924. His successor Josef Stalin turned a popular revolution based on freedom and equality, into a totalitarian dictatorship maintained solely by terror. He said â€Å"The death of a man is a tragedy; the death of a thousand is a statistic† (World Most Evil Men). A census in 1937 estimated that Russia’s population was twenty million short of what it should have been, although this information was withheld and emigration and famine were factors Stalin’s purges accounted for millions of deaths during his rule. Winston describes the use of purges during the formation of the party. The intense anger and hatred that Winston describes are characteristic of mob behaviour and learning. The characters of Orwell’s novel show almost animal like hatred for the opposition and hero worship for Big Brother. This behaviour appears unrealistic, but if you look at Britain during World War II there are some striking similarities. The people of Britain were suffering a savage war with horrors, deprivation, shortages and bombings. Death and loss were a constant threat, yet ordinary British people obeyed government instructions â€Å"keep calm and carry on†. The conformity of the people of 1984 is portrayed in different ways firstly; party uniforms remove any possibility of individuality. The idea that men and women wore the same uniform also removed gender as a source of identity. ‘ I’m going to get hold of a real women’s frock from somewhere and wear it instead of these bloody trousers’. Julia goes on to say ‘In this room I’m going to be a woman, not a party comrade’. (Page 164) During the war women’s role changed and they were required to do the work previously done by men. The uniforms they wore, although practical, had a distinctly masculine appearance. Clothing was rationed until March 1949 and women had learnt to live independently. The Bible (Deuteronomy 22. 5) clearly states, â€Å"The women shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man† highlighting the social unacceptability of women wearing trousers. This did not change until the 1960’s. Gender identity refers to the psychological and biological dimensions of sex. Freud (1925) described this as â€Å"Psychical consequences of anatomical distinction between the sexes†(Freud 1925) In the modern world, there is legislation that prohibits discrimination, because of a person’s gender identity, which is part of the human rights laws. (www. ransgenderlaw. org) Although Orwell gives his characters names, the society he is describing mainly refer to each other as comrade. This was also a common term used in Nazi Germany, during World War II. Removing the use of personal names is another means of removing an individual’s identity and individuality. The party is all-powerful, friendships and family structure is suppressed to limit the possibility of divided loyalties. The party demands absolute loyalty in thought and deed. Children are brainwashed via organization such as the Junior Spies and Youth Groups these are similar to Adolph Hitler’s Youth League, during World War II. Education was designed to suppress independent thought and sources of information were restricted and controlled. In the 1940’s most educational establishments, educated children via the ‘didactic model’ sometimes called teacher- centred teaching. This method is where knowledge is passed from teacher to pupil. The teacher speaks and the pupil’s listen. In the modern world students are educated via the ‘critical method’ this is sometimes called ‘student-centred learning’. This is a process where students are taught to explore, question and formulate truth and opinions for themselves. The use of investigating, discussing and debating are used to facilitate the development of independent thought. (Pollard1998) One of the most chilling depictions of the repressive and controlling nature of life in 1984, in my opinion, is the inclusion of the telescreen.. â€Å"The telescreen receives and transmitted simultaneously, you had to live did live, from habit that became instinctive in the assumption that every sound you made was over heard, and except in darkness, every movement scrutinised†. Page 5) The use of the telescreen was an ingenious concept, taking into account the era. Technology was primitive compared to the modern world. However, the military during World War II improved radar and rockets, this enabled the post war development of television (1946) and close circuit television (CCTV) (1949). The Star newspaper (January 14 1949) included an article explaining a â€Å"New system of television being used to aid road safety†. This system carried signa ls direct from a camera to a screen with both visual and audio reception, this was known as CCTV. The summer of 1949 saw the technology and the knowledge but not the resources available to launch satellites (The Star 1949) which we now know can be used to monitor, observe and transmit around the world. In today’s society Britain has earned a reputation as a world leader of surveillance. It is estimated that the average British citizen is caught on camera up to three hundred times per day (The Star 2005). However, observation of British citizens is not a new concept. During World War II mass observation was the government’s way of keeping in touch with the mood of the people. Tom Harrison, the director of mass observation called for observers to monitor war morale. Citizens’ reactions in cinemas were monitored to perceive the mood of the nation (Yesterdays Britain). Orwell used irony extensively through out his novel. For example He was alone: no telescreen, no ear at the keyhole, no nervous impulse to glance over his shoulder or cover the page with his hand. (Page 214) This contradicts appearance with reality and allows the reader to understand Winston’s motives and rebellion. Later the reader is informed that in fact the telescreen is hidden behind a picture, which was offered for sale by Mr Charrington earlier in the novel. This suggests to the reader that an enemy is not always obvious. The friend and foe situation between the Communists and the Nazi’s during the 1940’s is a clear example of a hidden enemy. In the present world, America and Britain are fighting a War on terrorism. It appears ironic that we are fighting a war against an unknown enemy; at home and abroad. Orwell’s character Winston Smith is frequently concerned with the parties’ alteration of facts and history. The quote â€Å"He who controls the past controls the future† is a terrifying notion. The alteration of history, whether personal or social removes individuality and identity it also, to a certain extent, changes reality into anything the ruling party deems it to be. Stalin, after the Russian revolution, had history rewritten to magnify his part in events. Trotsky’s part had been erased from Soviet textbooks. (Time Archive 1940) For information and historical events to be constant and unalterable they need to be remembered. Humans have a complex memory system, which enables information received from the environment to be processed. Short-term memory (STM) is information that is held temporarily and long-term memory (LTM) is a permanent storage system. For information to pass from STM into LTM individuals need to pay attention to the received information. Repetition, relearning and making the information meaningful help to maintain the information permanently. Orwell’s 1984 society appears to be attempting to remove LTM from its citizens. Information is received via telescreens but due to poor LTM development this information can be altered without the individual remembering the original information. This is achievable partly due to the act that new information interferes with previous memories. Orwell expressed his concerns (Politics and the English language) that government officials debating on historic events trivialised the truth and found ways to convince everyone that history never happened or happened but it didn’t mater any way. Young children have a limited memory capacity due to underdevelopment of the pre frontal cortex but also because they are not particularly interested in remembering the past thus make little effort to develop ways of making memories meaningful, which also makes recall more difficult. Orwell use’s this concept in his novel in a variety of ways. Firstly the characters in 1984 are more concerned with survival than the past. The present is more relevant to this aim than events from the past. With the invention of Newspeak, the official language of Oceania it enables the party to restrict speech, thought and consequently memory. Many in today’s society, would suggest that politicians have perfected their own form of â€Å"Newspeak†. The use of text messaging is also a modern day form of newspeak. Orwell was concerned with the use, or misuse of the English language. He felt that words with variable meaning were often used with the intent to deceive and that language was intended for expression not concealing or preventing thought. In the modern world the media is required to present a ‘balanced’ coverage of news and public affaires. However this results in a form of ‘double think’ in which truth is immediately neutered by an opposite truth. The second section of Orwell’s novel deals mainly with the love affair between the characters Winston and Julia. This gives the novel direction and hope. However, the inclusion of â€Å"the book† makes this a difficult section to read. Orwell’s intentions may well have been to explain the futility of war where there are no winners or indeed losers; just simply the maintenance of war. Hitler wrote a book called Mein Kampf (My Struggle) outlining his vision of the future of Germany. It was a ranting, sometimes unreadable vision of the future of Germany (The world’s most evil men). This may have been the inspiration for the inclusion of â€Å"the book† in Orwell’s novel. Orwell uses various figurative language through out his novel, this gives the writing greater power of expression and meets Orwell’s criteria for artistic purpose (Why I Write). For example the melodramatic use of the nursery rhyme â€Å"Oranges and lemons†, say the bells of St Clements’s! (Page 112) Is an epigram, the rhyme symbolizes, in an almost child like way, the past. Orwell maintains the original historical names of the London churches before the formation of the party. Through this symbolic representation it gives Winston hope that, fragments of the past can survive. Other characters gradually piece together the rhyme until Charington finally completes it during the capture of Winston and Julia. These Churches are recognisable in London today and keep the novel relevant after the year 1984. Orwell uses innuendo with the words â€Å"we shall meet in the place where there is no darkness† (Page 118). Winston believes these words are from O’Brien but Orwell manages to keep the origin and the significance of these words unknown until Winston and Julia are captured. This creates and develops a sense of foreboding and suspense, which maintains the controlling and manipulating society, which is being portrayed in 1984. Winston’s dreams of the â€Å"Golden Country† are the direct opposite of his reality in 1984. They represent peace, beauty, unity and uniqueness. These are Freudian theories as they reveal Winston’s subconscious. The capture and subsequent torture of Winston shows a curious, horrific and terrifying journey. The absolute and total destruction of the mind and body. However, the language and tone is calm and detached with surprisingly little malice, anger or hatred. This gives a deeper more powerful description of what Orwell is suggesting the future could be. It also gives the character O’Brien a more complex personality. He is constantly switching between ‘good guy’ and ‘bad guy’. This intrigues the reader, as well as Winston. Is he friend or foe? He has the â€Å"power† to do good or evil, which will he choose? Orwell is using an interesting psychological theory. He is suggesting that not all evil men are bad all the time and thus good people do not always act nicely. The reader is left with a feeling of wanting to like O’Brien but at the same time hating him for his cruelty. This strange relationship is as contradictory and confusing as Churchill and Roosevelt’s involvement with Stalin (1939). Despite the catastrophic purges, and the negative value that Stalin had demonstrated over human life, they still became allies. Churchill said of Stalin, at the Yalta summit, â€Å"I walk through the world with greater courage when I find myself in a relationship of friendship and intimacy with this great man. † Stalin concealed a cruel and calculating nature prepared to commit war crimes at least as evil as those of the enemy. (Worlds Most Evil Men) Winston represents mankind (us)†If you are a man, Winston, you are the last man. †(Page 309) Winston’s torture and re-education is his or our chance to save humanity, freedom, individuality, choice, beliefs and the right to be different. Orwell has used psychological manipulation of the mind to project a horrific interpretation of the destruction of mankind Orwell uses a terrifying concept, by taking Stalin and Hitler’s atrocities to a whole new level: total and absolute conformity in life as well as in death. So long as human beings stay human, death and life are the same thing. (Page 156) Orwell’s novel in my opinion is a plausible projection of the future as he saw it in 1948. Projections of the future, often allows the reader to become detached because the people appear different from oneself. However, Orwell creates characters that are not dissimilar from us (the reader). The inclusion of the proletarians, that cleverly maintain sentimental songs and normal human compassion, also prevents detachment and preserves recognisable modern parallels. The setting of this novel is used to maintain the past, the present and the future. For example, the central administration building of The University of London which was used during World War II as the headquarters for the ministry of information. All censoring systems were coordinated from here. It bears a striking resemblance to the Ministry of Love described in 1984 and amusingly its telegraphic address was â€Å"miniform†. (www. orwelltoday. com) All other significant buildings, described in 1984 can be located in London today. This was probably Orwell’s intention and it keeps the novel viable even after the year 1984. In returning to the original question I feel I have demonstrated that George Orwell used many sources of inspiration, from the world, in his writing of 1984 and it powerfully reflects the times in which it was written. After the publication of Animal Farm (1945) Orwell explained that he intended â€Å"to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole†(Why I Write). This suggests that Orwell was concerned with Britain’s future. Even with overwhelming evidence of the evil nature of the Stalin regime, they still became allies with Britain and America. Malcolm Muggeride said of Orwell â€Å"He loved the past, hated the present and dreaded the future. I strongly believe that Orwell intended 1984, as a warning of what the world could become, not necessarily what it would become, if ‘we’ (the future) did not take action and responsibility. Orwell has left a legacy, a permanent warning. For the present and the future, to prevent the formation of the totalitarian states of the past. His terminology has given modern day man, the language to express themselves and to protect civil liberties and influence human rights. 1984 is a political satire that exaggerates all that was wrong with the world in 1949 to hopefully shock and horrify a nation into action and prevent this type of society becoming a reality. Although the date of the book has passed the message is still clear and in some ways more relevant today, than when it was written. The advances in technology have made the surveillance and monitoring of citizens easier and more commonplace. Freedom, in the true sense of the word still depends on where you live, your age and your gender. However, I feel Orwell’s novel should be recognised for its extraordinary impact and significant contribution to human rights in the modern world. Although Orwell’s warning has been subjected to many interpretations I feel a novelist is supposed to make you think and possibly reflect: you must agree, job well done. Despite its critics 1984 has sold millions of copies and has been translated into 65 languages.