The Overwhelming Essay -- Character Analysis, Jack, Dr. Gansana

In The Overwhelming, Mizinga says to Jack, "One is defined by what one is against. And who. To struggle against these people, to fight for what is yours. To suffer and yet to struggle on: This is what makes life precious. And brings understanding (p 76-77)". Within the three novels that will be discussed in this essay, the aforementioned quote highlights the dilemma that each protagonist faces on his way from innocence to maturation (word choice). In The Overwhelming, the protagonist, Jack travels to Rwanda during the onset of the Rwandan genocide. In search of his friend, Dr. Gansana, Jack learns that the workings of Rwanda is nothing like his home country, and experiences firsthand the brutality that would occur over the following weeks. He must make a decision between his son and his friend, and ultimately chooses his son, leading to the death of his friend. The Innocent, by Ian McEwan, Leonard, a sheltered adult, travels to a post World War 2 German for work. He encounters games of espionage, and what can be called love. This connection takes him from adolescence to maturation, to the point where he inadvertently commits murder. Lastly, Native Son, by Richard Wright, tells the story of Bigger, an African American youth, who faces external strife from his immediate environment. In a racially discriminating America, Bigger commits murder and is freed. He goes from being inhibited and beaten down by his environment, to attain a sense of freedom. With this said, all these men encounter murder, whether the decisions made were deliberate or inadvertent. While their reactions are different, it can be seen that murder transforms their innocence or contributes to the loss of it. In The Overwhelming, Jack Exley enters Rwanda with inte... ...k man in America. While he also kills Bessie, she has less of an effect because she is African American as well. Despite this, Bigger still commits murder. Fletcher states, "You are liable for murder if (1) you act (2) intentionally (3) to bring about the death of (4) a living human being, and you are not acting in (5) self-defense or while (6) insane (Fletcher, 97)†. In Bigger’s case, he is guilty for both murders. The murder of Mary was accidental but he disposed of her body in brutal fashion. This fashion however was out of fear of being caught. Because of the racial difference, it was very likely that Bigger would get in trouble for being caught with Mary, if not worse, lynched. His murder of Bessie revolved around the fact that she may have given him away to the police. With this said, it is clear these murders revolve around the fear of being caught.

George Orwell 1984 Essay

In this essay I intend to investigate experiences and historical events in Orwell’s lifetime. These events may have significantly influenced Orwell’s style, structure and theme, contributing to the political and artistic nature of his novel. I also intend to compare the contradictory interpretations of Orwell’s ‘message’. Did he intend 1984 as a warning, a prediction, or a historical novel? Despite its critics 1984 has made a significant impression on the modern world. Its infiltration into reality television may not be a tribute Orwell would have appreciated but many of his terms and phrases have been used to highlight threats to social and personal freedom. I will use this as a basis to ascertain whether there are other aspects of Orwell’s novel that have become reality in the modern world. 1984 by George Orwell was written in1947/48. This era has been referred to as ‘The age of anxiety, the age of the lost generation’. (www. historyguide. org/europe/lecture10) It was a nightmare world where individuality was lost. The totalitarian states of the time, exercised complete control over the lives of their human subjects. The Great War (World War One) facilitated totalitarian regimes, simply because war has only one objective: victory. â€Å"Individuality is sacrificed for collectivism and freedom is restricted as governments reject liberal values†. (www. historyguide. org/europe/lecture10) This mood of anxiety and conformity, is clearly illustrated in 1984; this is portrayed in the early pages of the novel and is maintained throughout. Orwell cleverly uses his descriptive talent, to set the scene for his reader. At the very beginning of his novel ‘the vile wind, the swirl of gritty dust’ (Page 4) projects a negative image of life in 1984. The maintenance of these visual images is preserved and comparisons, between post-war Britain and 1984, are recognisable. Examples of these are the shortages, rationing and the bombsites of the 1940’s. Orwell successfully engages the readers’ senses to conjure up images within the mind of the reader. ‘The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats’. (Page 4) I found phrases like this one actually made me feel the squalor and deprivation he was describing. The use of visual cues is also a theme, which starts on the first page of Orwell’s novel. He continually presents images that could be describing London during the 1940’s, but are in fact describing life in 1984. ‘A coloured poster too large for indoor display has been tacked to the wall ’(Page 4) Orwell has managed to reaffirm the squalid surroundings by the use of the word ‘tacked’ before he has even described the poster. ‘It depicted simply an enormous face, more than a metre wide: the face of a man of about forty-five with heavy black moustache and ruggedly hand-some features’. Many have suggested that Orwell based his character â€Å"Big Brother† the leader of the party on Stalin and Hitler because they all shared similar physical characteristics and had the ability to â€Å"manipulate the minds of the masses†. (The Worlds Most Evil Men). However, Churchill was also â€Å"recognised for his skill in altering peoples minds†(The History Of World War II) which could be interpreted that, the people of the 1940’s were being manipulated, regardless of their countries political status. His creative talent excelled itself with the name of his totalitarian leader. Big Brother conveys an image of trust and loyalty with the idea that he is a member of your family who is a figure affording protection and security. This is a complete contradiction to the lives of the Russian citizens under Stalin or the German people during Hitler’s rein and indeed the population of nineteen eighty four had little opportunity to feel safe. The naming of other characters within his novel, I suspect, had a deeper meaning. For example Emmanuel Goldstein’s face was described as It resembled the face of a sheep and the voice, too, had a sheep like quality. The significance of this description becomes more meaningful if you look at a poster (see appendix 1) used during World War II. Henri Guigon represented Churchill as a British bulldog in an American poster. To the whole world Britain’s new prime minister epitomised the stubborn and proud nature of the British. Orwell uses animals for descriptive comparison frequently in his writing but the use of a sheep, in this instance, is a curious choice. The character Goldstein is the leader of the opposition and sheep like qualities conjure up images of low intelligence and all following the crowd. This is a form of sarcasm that implies ridicule, disapproval, or contempt Sarcasm often includes an element of irony. Winston’s description of the opposition is not dissimilar to party members. Orwell could have been expressing his concerns with how Churchill’s War Cabinet, had on occasions, behaved no differently from the fascist regimes of the era. News was censored, wages controlled and travel restricted under the guise of wartime necessity. (Guardian 2002). However Goldstein is a Jewish name and World War II had just ended when this book was being written. Goldstein is used as a scapegoat in 1984, which has, parallels with the Nazis attempt to blame their problems on the Jews. In my opinion the name of Orwell’s main character Winston Smith also had a deeper, if somewhat personal meaning. Orwell was a dying man, when he wrote this novel, and he was probably aware it would be his final legacy to the world. He had a reluctant admiration for Churchill. Although he did not always agree with his policies he admired him not only for his courage but also a certain â€Å"largeness and geniality†. The History Of World War II) This admiration was expressed in the form of poetry that he rarely wrote. (See appendix 2). It is a fitting acknowledgement of this respect, that Winston became the name of his primary character. Smith is simply a very common English name, which gives the impression that Winston Smith is a very ordinary citizen not dissimilar to oneself. The caption under the Big Brother posters read â€Å" Big Brother is watching you† (Page 4) Orwell’s use of capital letters for this caption, and indeed others later in the book, gives increased impact to the reader of the significance of these words. It gives a sense of the controlling nature of the society in which the citizens of 1984 lived; constantly being watched by the eyes of Big Brother. It was similar to the blackouts enforced during World War II where wardens’ patrolled neighbourhood, and failure to conform, resulted in humiliating offenders in front of their neighbours. (The History Of World War II) The use of posters and slogans in Orwell’s novel may well have been inspired by the vast array of similar images used during World War II. England and Germany, among others, used large images, in a poster format, to send messages to their people. These were used to encourage conformity, solidarity and patriotism within each nation. At times they were also used to inflate morale at home and abroad, while at the same time humiliating and ridiculing their opponents. (See appendix 3) A good example of this, used in World War II, is the appearance of ‘V’ on walls in German- occupied Belgium. The Flemish speaking Belgians would interpret this as ‘vrijheid’, which means freedom, and the French speaking Belgians would understand this to mean ‘victoire’ (victory). This is a cruel psychological attack on an already defeated nation. Winston describes party slogans, in 1984, on the walls of buildings, which also have contradictory meanings. â€Å"War is peace, Freedom is Slavery and Ignorance is Strength† (Page 6) Orwell uses this type of psychological approach in different ways throughout his novel. Orwell’s wife, Eileen O’Shaughnessy (1905-1945) had a degree in psychology from Oxford University. Obtained in the 1920’s this would have been a significant achievement for a woman at that time and her influence on Orwell’s writing has been recognised. Eileen wrote a poem called â€Å"End Of The Century, 1984†(1934). There are similarities between the futuristic vision of Eileen’s poem and Orwell’s 1984, including mind control and the destruction of personal freedom. (www. arlindo-correia) The aggression, described by Winston, during the two-minute hate, and the hangings could have been influenced by Eileen’s psychological knowledge. There are various psychological theories as to why people display aggression. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed aggressive impulses are a reaction to frustrations of daily lives. This theory could easily be applied to the citizens in 1984. Freud’s theories were very influential during the 1940’s/50’s and his written articles had an almost political language, when referring to human behaviour, which may have appealed to Orwell’s political and artistic nature. Behavioural psychologists believe behaviour is learnt through reinforcement; their theory is that humans respond to social reinforcement such as social approval. In the 1940’s solidarity and conformity in Britain was achieved via camaraderie â€Å"every one doing their bit†. (Yesterdays Britain) In 1984 it was built on fear. In the following quote Winston describes what happens to citizens who don’t conform to the party’s political orthodoxy. In the vast majority of cases there was no trial, no report of the arrest. People simply disappeared, always during the night. Your name was removed from the registers, everything you had ever done was wiped out, your one-time existence was denied and then forgotten. You were abolished, annihilated: vaporized. (Page 22) This type of enforcement was common after the death of Lenin in 1924. His successor Josef Stalin turned a popular revolution based on freedom and equality, into a totalitarian dictatorship maintained solely by terror. He said â€Å"The death of a man is a tragedy; the death of a thousand is a statistic† (World Most Evil Men). A census in 1937 estimated that Russia’s population was twenty million short of what it should have been, although this information was withheld and emigration and famine were factors Stalin’s purges accounted for millions of deaths during his rule. Winston describes the use of purges during the formation of the party. The intense anger and hatred that Winston describes are characteristic of mob behaviour and learning. The characters of Orwell’s novel show almost animal like hatred for the opposition and hero worship for Big Brother. This behaviour appears unrealistic, but if you look at Britain during World War II there are some striking similarities. The people of Britain were suffering a savage war with horrors, deprivation, shortages and bombings. Death and loss were a constant threat, yet ordinary British people obeyed government instructions â€Å"keep calm and carry on†. The conformity of the people of 1984 is portrayed in different ways firstly; party uniforms remove any possibility of individuality. The idea that men and women wore the same uniform also removed gender as a source of identity. ‘ I’m going to get hold of a real women’s frock from somewhere and wear it instead of these bloody trousers’. Julia goes on to say ‘In this room I’m going to be a woman, not a party comrade’. (Page 164) During the war women’s role changed and they were required to do the work previously done by men. The uniforms they wore, although practical, had a distinctly masculine appearance. Clothing was rationed until March 1949 and women had learnt to live independently. The Bible (Deuteronomy 22. 5) clearly states, â€Å"The women shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man† highlighting the social unacceptability of women wearing trousers. This did not change until the 1960’s. Gender identity refers to the psychological and biological dimensions of sex. Freud (1925) described this as â€Å"Psychical consequences of anatomical distinction between the sexes†(Freud 1925) In the modern world, there is legislation that prohibits discrimination, because of a person’s gender identity, which is part of the human rights laws. (www. ransgenderlaw. org) Although Orwell gives his characters names, the society he is describing mainly refer to each other as comrade. This was also a common term used in Nazi Germany, during World War II. Removing the use of personal names is another means of removing an individual’s identity and individuality. The party is all-powerful, friendships and family structure is suppressed to limit the possibility of divided loyalties. The party demands absolute loyalty in thought and deed. Children are brainwashed via organization such as the Junior Spies and Youth Groups these are similar to Adolph Hitler’s Youth League, during World War II. Education was designed to suppress independent thought and sources of information were restricted and controlled. In the 1940’s most educational establishments, educated children via the ‘didactic model’ sometimes called teacher- centred teaching. This method is where knowledge is passed from teacher to pupil. The teacher speaks and the pupil’s listen. In the modern world students are educated via the ‘critical method’ this is sometimes called ‘student-centred learning’. This is a process where students are taught to explore, question and formulate truth and opinions for themselves. The use of investigating, discussing and debating are used to facilitate the development of independent thought. (Pollard1998) One of the most chilling depictions of the repressive and controlling nature of life in 1984, in my opinion, is the inclusion of the telescreen.. â€Å"The telescreen receives and transmitted simultaneously, you had to live did live, from habit that became instinctive in the assumption that every sound you made was over heard, and except in darkness, every movement scrutinised†. Page 5) The use of the telescreen was an ingenious concept, taking into account the era. Technology was primitive compared to the modern world. However, the military during World War II improved radar and rockets, this enabled the post war development of television (1946) and close circuit television (CCTV) (1949). The Star newspaper (January 14 1949) included an article explaining a â€Å"New system of television being used to aid road safety†. This system carried signa ls direct from a camera to a screen with both visual and audio reception, this was known as CCTV. The summer of 1949 saw the technology and the knowledge but not the resources available to launch satellites (The Star 1949) which we now know can be used to monitor, observe and transmit around the world. In today’s society Britain has earned a reputation as a world leader of surveillance. It is estimated that the average British citizen is caught on camera up to three hundred times per day (The Star 2005). However, observation of British citizens is not a new concept. During World War II mass observation was the government’s way of keeping in touch with the mood of the people. Tom Harrison, the director of mass observation called for observers to monitor war morale. Citizens’ reactions in cinemas were monitored to perceive the mood of the nation (Yesterdays Britain). Orwell used irony extensively through out his novel. For example He was alone: no telescreen, no ear at the keyhole, no nervous impulse to glance over his shoulder or cover the page with his hand. (Page 214) This contradicts appearance with reality and allows the reader to understand Winston’s motives and rebellion. Later the reader is informed that in fact the telescreen is hidden behind a picture, which was offered for sale by Mr Charrington earlier in the novel. This suggests to the reader that an enemy is not always obvious. The friend and foe situation between the Communists and the Nazi’s during the 1940’s is a clear example of a hidden enemy. In the present world, America and Britain are fighting a War on terrorism. It appears ironic that we are fighting a war against an unknown enemy; at home and abroad. Orwell’s character Winston Smith is frequently concerned with the parties’ alteration of facts and history. The quote â€Å"He who controls the past controls the future† is a terrifying notion. The alteration of history, whether personal or social removes individuality and identity it also, to a certain extent, changes reality into anything the ruling party deems it to be. Stalin, after the Russian revolution, had history rewritten to magnify his part in events. Trotsky’s part had been erased from Soviet textbooks. (Time Archive 1940) For information and historical events to be constant and unalterable they need to be remembered. Humans have a complex memory system, which enables information received from the environment to be processed. Short-term memory (STM) is information that is held temporarily and long-term memory (LTM) is a permanent storage system. For information to pass from STM into LTM individuals need to pay attention to the received information. Repetition, relearning and making the information meaningful help to maintain the information permanently. Orwell’s 1984 society appears to be attempting to remove LTM from its citizens. Information is received via telescreens but due to poor LTM development this information can be altered without the individual remembering the original information. This is achievable partly due to the act that new information interferes with previous memories. Orwell expressed his concerns (Politics and the English language) that government officials debating on historic events trivialised the truth and found ways to convince everyone that history never happened or happened but it didn’t mater any way. Young children have a limited memory capacity due to underdevelopment of the pre frontal cortex but also because they are not particularly interested in remembering the past thus make little effort to develop ways of making memories meaningful, which also makes recall more difficult. Orwell use’s this concept in his novel in a variety of ways. Firstly the characters in 1984 are more concerned with survival than the past. The present is more relevant to this aim than events from the past. With the invention of Newspeak, the official language of Oceania it enables the party to restrict speech, thought and consequently memory. Many in today’s society, would suggest that politicians have perfected their own form of â€Å"Newspeak†. The use of text messaging is also a modern day form of newspeak. Orwell was concerned with the use, or misuse of the English language. He felt that words with variable meaning were often used with the intent to deceive and that language was intended for expression not concealing or preventing thought. In the modern world the media is required to present a ‘balanced’ coverage of news and public affaires. However this results in a form of ‘double think’ in which truth is immediately neutered by an opposite truth. The second section of Orwell’s novel deals mainly with the love affair between the characters Winston and Julia. This gives the novel direction and hope. However, the inclusion of â€Å"the book† makes this a difficult section to read. Orwell’s intentions may well have been to explain the futility of war where there are no winners or indeed losers; just simply the maintenance of war. Hitler wrote a book called Mein Kampf (My Struggle) outlining his vision of the future of Germany. It was a ranting, sometimes unreadable vision of the future of Germany (The world’s most evil men). This may have been the inspiration for the inclusion of â€Å"the book† in Orwell’s novel. Orwell uses various figurative language through out his novel, this gives the writing greater power of expression and meets Orwell’s criteria for artistic purpose (Why I Write). For example the melodramatic use of the nursery rhyme â€Å"Oranges and lemons†, say the bells of St Clements’s! (Page 112) Is an epigram, the rhyme symbolizes, in an almost child like way, the past. Orwell maintains the original historical names of the London churches before the formation of the party. Through this symbolic representation it gives Winston hope that, fragments of the past can survive. Other characters gradually piece together the rhyme until Charington finally completes it during the capture of Winston and Julia. These Churches are recognisable in London today and keep the novel relevant after the year 1984. Orwell uses innuendo with the words â€Å"we shall meet in the place where there is no darkness† (Page 118). Winston believes these words are from O’Brien but Orwell manages to keep the origin and the significance of these words unknown until Winston and Julia are captured. This creates and develops a sense of foreboding and suspense, which maintains the controlling and manipulating society, which is being portrayed in 1984. Winston’s dreams of the â€Å"Golden Country† are the direct opposite of his reality in 1984. They represent peace, beauty, unity and uniqueness. These are Freudian theories as they reveal Winston’s subconscious. The capture and subsequent torture of Winston shows a curious, horrific and terrifying journey. The absolute and total destruction of the mind and body. However, the language and tone is calm and detached with surprisingly little malice, anger or hatred. This gives a deeper more powerful description of what Orwell is suggesting the future could be. It also gives the character O’Brien a more complex personality. He is constantly switching between ‘good guy’ and ‘bad guy’. This intrigues the reader, as well as Winston. Is he friend or foe? He has the â€Å"power† to do good or evil, which will he choose? Orwell is using an interesting psychological theory. He is suggesting that not all evil men are bad all the time and thus good people do not always act nicely. The reader is left with a feeling of wanting to like O’Brien but at the same time hating him for his cruelty. This strange relationship is as contradictory and confusing as Churchill and Roosevelt’s involvement with Stalin (1939). Despite the catastrophic purges, and the negative value that Stalin had demonstrated over human life, they still became allies. Churchill said of Stalin, at the Yalta summit, â€Å"I walk through the world with greater courage when I find myself in a relationship of friendship and intimacy with this great man. † Stalin concealed a cruel and calculating nature prepared to commit war crimes at least as evil as those of the enemy. (Worlds Most Evil Men) Winston represents mankind (us)†If you are a man, Winston, you are the last man. †(Page 309) Winston’s torture and re-education is his or our chance to save humanity, freedom, individuality, choice, beliefs and the right to be different. Orwell has used psychological manipulation of the mind to project a horrific interpretation of the destruction of mankind Orwell uses a terrifying concept, by taking Stalin and Hitler’s atrocities to a whole new level: total and absolute conformity in life as well as in death. So long as human beings stay human, death and life are the same thing. (Page 156) Orwell’s novel in my opinion is a plausible projection of the future as he saw it in 1948. Projections of the future, often allows the reader to become detached because the people appear different from oneself. However, Orwell creates characters that are not dissimilar from us (the reader). The inclusion of the proletarians, that cleverly maintain sentimental songs and normal human compassion, also prevents detachment and preserves recognisable modern parallels. The setting of this novel is used to maintain the past, the present and the future. For example, the central administration building of The University of London which was used during World War II as the headquarters for the ministry of information. All censoring systems were coordinated from here. It bears a striking resemblance to the Ministry of Love described in 1984 and amusingly its telegraphic address was â€Å"miniform†. (www. orwelltoday. com) All other significant buildings, described in 1984 can be located in London today. This was probably Orwell’s intention and it keeps the novel viable even after the year 1984. In returning to the original question I feel I have demonstrated that George Orwell used many sources of inspiration, from the world, in his writing of 1984 and it powerfully reflects the times in which it was written. After the publication of Animal Farm (1945) Orwell explained that he intended â€Å"to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole†(Why I Write). This suggests that Orwell was concerned with Britain’s future. Even with overwhelming evidence of the evil nature of the Stalin regime, they still became allies with Britain and America. Malcolm Muggeride said of Orwell â€Å"He loved the past, hated the present and dreaded the future. I strongly believe that Orwell intended 1984, as a warning of what the world could become, not necessarily what it would become, if ‘we’ (the future) did not take action and responsibility. Orwell has left a legacy, a permanent warning. For the present and the future, to prevent the formation of the totalitarian states of the past. His terminology has given modern day man, the language to express themselves and to protect civil liberties and influence human rights. 1984 is a political satire that exaggerates all that was wrong with the world in 1949 to hopefully shock and horrify a nation into action and prevent this type of society becoming a reality. Although the date of the book has passed the message is still clear and in some ways more relevant today, than when it was written. The advances in technology have made the surveillance and monitoring of citizens easier and more commonplace. Freedom, in the true sense of the word still depends on where you live, your age and your gender. However, I feel Orwell’s novel should be recognised for its extraordinary impact and significant contribution to human rights in the modern world. Although Orwell’s warning has been subjected to many interpretations I feel a novelist is supposed to make you think and possibly reflect: you must agree, job well done. Despite its critics 1984 has sold millions of copies and has been translated into 65 languages.

Corporate Political Campaign Spending Is Democracy for Sale

What comes to mind when one considers the act of bribery? Like many people, a plethora of negative actions and ideas probably come to mind. Possibilities that may come to mind are things like, corruption, deceit, fraud, schemes, and other illicit activity or transactions. This is where an important question arises. What, then, is the difference between bribery and corporate political campaign funding? It is plain to see that the answer ranges somewhere between nothing and very little. In today’s political world democracy is for sale. For starters, take a look at what this corporate political campaign funding really is. This type of funding is, as the name suggests, money provided to a campaign from a corporation with the expectation that†¦show more content†¦Why are they allowed to buy democracy? And, most importantly, why is democracy even for sale? In America, there exists an organization called the Federal Election Commission (FEC). They are in charge of maintainin g federal campaign finance laws. The three main objectives covered by finance laws are â€Å"public disclosure of funds raised and spent to influence federal elections, restrictions on contributions and expenditures made to influence federal elections, and the public financing of Presidential campaigns.† Corporations donating money on behalf of a candidate is a relatively new practice; originally this type of backing was strictly forbidden by these finance laws. But, in 2010, after the Citizens United v. Federal Election Committee ruling of the Supreme Court, these laws were altered. This allowed corporation and labor unions to donate money to political campaigns in the form of PACs, or Political Action Committees. Just months after the Citizens United ruling, the ruling of Speechnow.org v. Federal Election Committee modified the laws further. 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Activated Carbon Cadmium

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5008 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Environmental pollution by metals is a serious threat today due to increased industrial revolution and has become extensive. The current worldwide mine production of various heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Pb, and Hg is very high (Pinto et al., 2004). These heavy metal sources include a number of diverse anthropogenic sources (textile, tannery and other industrial effluents, industrial solid wastes, urban runoff, sewage treatment plants, boating activities, agricultural fungicide runoff, domestic garbage dumps, and also by mining operations). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Activated Carbon Cadmium | Sciences Dissertations" essay for you Create order Metal toxicity and its effect on the growth and metabolism in higher plants is a subject that has a wide economical and ecological interest and also have been widely reviewed and gaining importance on several occasions over the last few decades (Brown and Jones, 1975; Foy et al., 1978; Ernst et al., 1992; Das et al., 1997; SanitÃÆ'Â ¡ di Toppi and Gabrielli, 1999; Hall, 2002; Clemens et al., 2002). Another interesting reason for this is out of the ninety naturally occurring elements fifty-three are heavy metals (Weast, 1984). Few metals are found to be essential for growth of plants, while few are found to be toxic for the growth of plants. Some of the heavy metals dont interact with the plant metabolism directly but decreases the level of soil microbes, affecting the growth of the plants (Niess, 1999). However, the accumulation in the soil has become a worldwide problem leading to the loss of agricultural productivity (Hasan, 2007). Among the heavy metals Cd is of special concern because of its potential toxicological profile even at lower concentration (Das Samantray, 1997). Cadmium is a toxic trace pollutant for humans, animals and plants, which enter the environment from various industrial processes, phosphate fertilizers and other anthropogenic activities, which then enters the food chain (Wagner, 1993). It has been estimated that more than 45% of all cadmium is used in electroplating, and that of 10% of total industrial cadmium use ends up in wastewater streams. Interests in the ecological effects of heavy metals has been growing recently, and assessing the phytotoxicity of cadmium is one of the most important criteria being used to avoid environmental risks, before these effluents can be recycled back for agricultural irrigation after some remediation or treatment processes. So it is inevitable that we should cope with the environmental damages induced by increased concentration of cadmium. The removal of cadmium (II) from wastewater stream therefore is of great importance as it can directly contaminate the ground water, aquatic organisms, agricultural lands and also the productivity. The global threat of reduction of uncontaminated ground water is also increasing exponentially with the scientific, industrial and technological developments (Tchobanoglous et al., 1991). Although various other techniques such as precipitation are most commonly used, to clean up the Cd contaminated water, the drawbacks of using those techniques, increases the need for an alternative technique which is more effective, reliable and also economically viable (USEPA, 1984). Cadmium being a highly toxic metal pollutant of soil inhibits root and shoot growth and yield production, affects nutrient uptake and homeostasis, and is frequently accumulated by agriculturally important crops including soybean with a significant potential to impair animal and human health (Sanita di toppi and Gabrielli, 1999). In plants such as pea, a number of toxic effects of Cd on metabolism has been reported, such as decreased uptake of nutrient elements (Sandalio et al., 2001), inhibition of various enzyme activities (Obata et al., 1996) and induction of oxidative stress (Lozano-Rodriet al., 1997, Romero-Puertas et al., 1999, Sandalio et al., 2001) including alterations in enzymes of antioxidant defense system (Dalurzo et al., 1997, Sandalio et al., 2001). However only little is known about the biochemical mechanisms underlying the intraspecific variation in the sensitivity versus tolerance to Cd in plants (Ashraf et al., 2005). Understanding the connections between a plants initial responses and the downstream events that constitute successful adjustment to its altered environment is one of the next grand challenges of plant biology (Ruth Grene, 2002). One of the common characteristics of these heavy metals such as cadmium is the induction of oxidative stress generating active oxygen species (AOS). Plants have evolved various protective defense mechanisms to eliminate or reduce these AOS species. One of them is the enzymatic or non-enzymatic antioxidant system, including peroxidase, Super oxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase etc. Each of these parameters has physiological function under non-stressed conditions, but their activity or quantity is increased under oxidative stress (Sara Erdei, 2002). This study becomes more important because legume crops are less tolerant to Cd toxicity than cereals, grasses and frequently encounter strong inhibition of biomass production even at the less than micro molar range of cadmium (Inouhe et al., 1994). No much of the studies have been reported in the effect of cadmium in reproductive stage of soybean plant. Especially studies on the response of plants can very much help in increasing productivity, improving biomass, and reducing the green house gases, and also in the identification of Cd tolerant plants. Research studies on Cd effect on the economically important soybean crop may also be helpful to meet the increasing demand for soybean in India. The increasing global demand for soybean, oil and other products, rise in price at the international level particularly after the usage of soybean for biodiesel production, made us to select soybean as the plant of our research interest in this study. With the increasing scarcity for water and increasing pollution of ground water the irrigation of the legumes has become a big problem, in addition to the contaminated and less fertile soil for the farmers. Hence it is very essential to derive mechanisms to clean up technologies to remove the contaminants form wastewater and reuse of it for irrigation of legumes. Activated carbon absorption has been used successfully for the advanced treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater. Adsorption occurs when molecules adhere to the internal walls of pores in carbon particles produced by thermal or acid chemical activation (US EPA, 2000). Production of activated carbon from an easily available agro waste makes this technique more apt to adapt in a large-scale level. Also the reduction in the production cost by modification of already available techniques is very important and makes this process economically very feasible. Hence in our study we have selected the agricultural waste, shell from Anacardium occidentale L., a member of the Anacardiaceaefamily, of which the cashew is by far the most important economically. Anacardium occidentale L., is cultivated commercially in 32 countries on over 7.5 million acres. Cashew is now the #1 tree nut crop in the world, since its production surpassed that of almond in 2003. Average yields worldwide are about 600 lbs/acre. And India ranks second in its production contributing to 25% of the total production worldwide. Anacardium occidentale L produce 2 additional products of commercial value from their fruit: cashew apples and cashew nut shell liquid. After the CNSL is taken, the left out biological waste shell is thus considered for the production of low cost activated carbon in our study, which is available in higher quantity at a very cheaper price. Hence this study may be increasing one more commercially important product from the waste of Anacardium occidentale L. Objectives of The Study The major objectives of this research project are Use of the left out agro waste shell of Anacardium occidentale L., for the production of low cost activated carbon, in turn increasing one more commercially important product from the waste of Anacardium occidentale L., this also may be helping to improve the production of activated carbon in India to meet the increasing global need in the activated carbon industry. Development of an activated carbon process as the cleaning technology for removing heavy metal cadmium, from the Cd contaminated water Reuse of the treated water for growing economically important legume soybean and studying the response of soybean grown with the cadmium contaminated water before and after treatment. Specific Aims The specific aims of this study are as follows Study of the effect of Cd on the growth, stress and antioxidant metabolism of Glycine max (L.) Merr. Plants by petriplate and pot culture studies. Production and characterization of low cost activated carbon from the agro waste nut shell of Anacardium occidentale L. Batch mode experiments for the optimizing the conditions for maximum removal of Cd by the activated carbon from the biological waste nut shell of Anacardium occidentale L. Application of the treated water for irrigation and study of effect of Cd contaminated water after treatment on the growth, stress and antioxidant metabolism of Glycine max (L.) Merr. Plants by petriplate and pot culture studies. Evaluation of the effect of treated water on the growth on the growth of soybean over the treated water. A study on uptake and localization of cadmium by various parts of soybean Experimental Design and Salient Findings The experimental protocols are deduced and the work is designed in order to fulfill the objectives of the study and was carried out in eight phases, following standard protocols wherever necessary. PHASE-I: Collection of Seeds, Soil and Biological Waste Sample A. COLLECTION OF SEEDS, SOIL AND AGRO WASTE: Co-2 variety soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] seeds were collected from Millets and New Area Farm, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, and used for the study. The biological waste of shell of Anacardium occidentale L.was collected and the activated carbon is produced by the acid activation process. B. PREPARATION OF SYNTHETIC EFFLUENTS: The synthetic effluents with concentrations varying from 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm concentration of cadmium were prepared by using cadmium chloride, by calculating the level of cadmium in CdCl2 and used for growing the plants during germination, pot culture studies and for Cd adsorption studies. Distilled water is used as the control for all the experiments. C. COLLECTION OF THE SOIL AND SOIL STUDY Red soil was collected from the agricultural fields of Coimbatore, the composition is checked, and used throughout the study. The soil parameters checked includes, Moisture (%), pH, Electrical conductivity, Total nitrogen, Total phosphorus, Total potassium, Organic carbon, C / N ratio, Available Nitrogen, Available Phosphorus, Available potassium, Exchangeable calcium, Exchangeable Magnesium, Exchangeable sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphate, Chloride, Cadmium. Findings: The above parameters were checked to ensure that the soil is suitable for the growth of soybean. The Cd level was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and found to be below non detectable limit and hence used for the study. PHASE-II Effect of Cadmium On Germination of Soybean (Petriplate Study 10 Days) The plants were grown in six groups as follows, and five plants were selected for checking germination parameters. GROUP-I NORMAL WATER TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-II 5 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-III 10 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-IV 15 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-V 20 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-VI 25 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN Parameters Checked: The parameters checked on 10th day includes Germination percentage, Root length, Shoot length, Length of whole plant, Fresh mass of whole plant, Dry mass of whole plant, Dry mass / fresh mass ratio, Relative seed germination, Root length, Shoot length percentage, Germination index, Seed vigor index, Tolerance index, Germination rate Percentage. Findings of Germination Study Germination of soybean., seedlings was drastically affected by the increasing concentration of cadmium in the effluents. A significant decrease in germination percentage, root length, shoot length, fresh mass, dry mass of whole plant, relative seed germination, root length, shoot length percentage, germination index, seed vigor index, tolerance index and germination rate percentage was observed. Also a significant increase in dry mass / fresh mass ratio was observed. With these preliminary results obtained the work was extended to red soil study using pot culture. PHASE -III Pot Culture Studies EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON SOYBEAN OBSERVED ON 20TH DAY AND 40TH DAY: The plants were grown in six groups as follows, and five plants were selected for checking all physical parameters and all biochemical estimations were made on three plants selected as replications. GROUP-I NORMAL WATER TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-II 5 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-III 10 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-IV 15 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-V 20 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-VI 25 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN III.A. GROWTH PARAMETERS CHECKED ON 20TH DAY The parameters checked on 20th day includes Root length, Shoot length, Plant height, Relative root length percentage, Relative shoot length percentage, Tolerance index, No of leaves, trifoliate, fresh weight, dry weight, Dry mass/fresh mass ratio, Leaf mass ratio, Stem mass ratio, Root mass ratio, Total dry matter yield under cadmium stress, Percentage weight gain, Seed vigor index, Leaf area measurements, Leaf area index, Leaf weight fraction, Specific leaf area, Leaf area ratio. FINDINGS: In the observations made with five plants in each group on 20th day, the following results were observed. The growth parameters such as root length, shoot length, plant height, relative root length percentage, relative shoot length percentage, tolerance index, no of leaves, trifoliates, fresh weight, dry weight were found to be decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of cadmium level in the effluents when compared to control. Also dry mass/fresh mass ratio, stem mass ratio, root mass ratio were found to be increased, while the other parameters such as leaf mass ratio, total dry matter yield under cadmium stress, percentage weight gain, seed vigor index, leaf area measurements, leaf area index, leaf weight fraction, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio were also found to be decreasing when compared to control group plants, with increasing levels of cadmium in the effluents. III.B. GROWTH PARAMETERS CHECKED ON 40TH DAY The parameters checked on 20th day includes Root length, Shoot length, Total plant height, Relative root length percentage, relative shoot length percentage, tolerance index, Number of leaves, trifoliate, nodules per plant, fresh weight, dry weight of individual organs, and whole plant, Dry mass/fresh mass ratio of individual organs, Leaf mass ratio, Stem mass ratio, Root mass ratio, Total dry matter yield under cadmium stress, Percentage weight gain, Seed vigor index, Leaf area measurements, Leaf area index, Leaf weight fraction, Specific leaf area, Leaf area ratio, Absolute growth rate, Crop growth rate, Unit leaf rate, Net assimilation rate, Relative growth rate, Leaf area duration FINDINGS: In the observations made with five plants in each group on 40th day, the following results were observed. The growth parameters such as root length, shoot length, plant height, relative root length percentage, relative shoot length percentage, tolerance index, number of leaves, trifoliates, nodules per plant, fresh weight, dry weight of individual organs, and whole plant, leaf mass ratio, total dry matter yield under cadmium stress, percentage weight gain, seed vigor index, leaf area measurements, leaf area index, leaf weight fraction, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio were found to be decreased significantly. The dry mass/ fresh mass ratio, stem mass ratio and root mass ratio were found to be increasing with increase in the concentration of cadmium. The growth parameters connecting the observations made on 20th and 40th day observations such as absolute growth rate, crop growth rate, unit leaf rate, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf area duration values showed a significant difference from the values of control group plants. III.C. BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS ESTIMATED ON 20TH DAY IN ROOT AND SHOOT TISSUES: The various biochemical estimations made includes, i. GROWTH PARAMETERS Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, Total carbohydrate, Starch, total Protein ii. ENZYMES: Amylase alpha, beta and total, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase iii. STRESS MARKERS Total free amino acids, Proline, TBARS iv. NON ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Reduced Glutathione v. ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Peroxidase, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Peroxidase. FINDINGS: The levels of growth parameters such as Chlorophyll-a, b and total Chlorophyll were significantly found to be affected with the increase in the cadmium concentrations in the effluents. The levels of Total Carbohydrate, Starch and Total Protein were also estimated in root and leaf tissues and were found to be significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of cadmium. The decreasing levels of Amylase, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were also observed with increasing concentrations of cadmium, when compared to control in both root and leaf tissues. The stress markers like Total Free Amino Acids, Proline and Thiobarbituricacid reactive substances (TBARS) were also found to be increased with increase in the concentrations of cadmium in both leaf and root tissues. The non enzymatic antioxidants such as Vitamin E, Ascorbic acid, and Reduced Glutathione were found to significantly varying with the varying concentrations of cadmium. The enzymatic antioxidants such as Catalase, Peroxidase, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione peroxidase were found to be decreased in their levels with increasing concentration of cadmium. Superoxidedismutase was found to be increasing with increase in the Cd concentration. PHASE-IV PRODUCTION AND USE OF LOW COST ACTIVATED CARBON FOR REMOVAL OF CADMIUM FROM CONTAMINATED EFFLUENT ADSORPTION STUDIES. COLLECTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL WASTE. ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCTION BY ACID ACTIVATION. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED CARBON FTIR ANALYSIS OF ACTIVATED CARBON BEFORE ADSORPTION SEM ANALYSIS BEFORE ADSORPTION FINDINGS: The agricultural waste, shell from Anacardium Occidentale L., were collected, and the activated carbon is produced, the activated carbon of size less than 125 micron was selected and its physical parameters were determined, and is found to be suitable for removal of cadmium from waste water. Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis were done for the prepared activated carbon. PHASE-V BATCH MODE ADSORPTION STUDIES Batch mode adsorption studies were done for the following parameters EFFECT OF EQUILIBRIUM TIME EFFECT OF pH EFFECT OF VARYING CARBON CONCENTRATION EFFECT OF VARYING CADMIUM CONCENTRATION EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE FINAL PERCENTAGE REMOVAL OF CADMIUM FROM VARIOUS CONC OF Cd SOLUTIONS. FTIR ANALYSIS OF ACTIVATED CARBON AFTER ADSORPTION SEM ANALYSIS AFTER ADSORPTION FINDINGS: The batch mode experiments were performed for adsorption studies and the optimum equilibrium time, optimum pH, effects of varying carbon concentration and varying carbon concentration and temperature were done and the carbon to cadmium ratio was determined. The final percentage of cadmium removed successfully after treatment with optimum concentrations was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The carbon collected after adsorption was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. PHASE-VI EFFECT OF CADMIUM TREATED WATER ON GERMINATION OF SOYBEAN (PETRIPLATE STUDY 10 DAYS) The plants were grown in six groups as follows, and five plants were selected for checking germination parameters. GROUP-I NORMAL WATER TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-II 5 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ACTIVATED CARBON TREATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-III 10 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ACTIVATED CARBON TREATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-IV 15 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ACTIVATED CARBON TREATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-V 20 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ACTIVATED CARBON TREATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-VI 25 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ACTIVATED CARBON TREATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROWTH PARAMETERS CHECKED: The parameters checked on 10th day includes Germination percentage, Root length, Shoot length, Length of whole plant, Fresh mass of whole plant, Dry mass of whole plant, Dry mass / fresh mass ratio, Relative seed germination, Root length, Shoot length percentage, Germination index, Seed vigor index, Tolerance index, Germination rate percentage FINDINGS OF GERMINATION STUDY: Although the test groups showed a reduction in parameters when compared to control group, a highly significant improvement in the germination of soybean seedlings grown using with the increasing concentration of cadmium in the effluents after treatment. A significant improvement in germination percentage, root length, shoot length, fresh mass, dry mass of whole plant, relative seed germination, relative root length, shoot length percentage, germination index, seed vigor index, tolerance index and germination rate percentage were observed when compared to before treatment plants. Also a significant variation in dry mass / fresh mass ratio was observed. With these significant preliminary results obtained for treated effluents, the work was extended to red soil study using pot culture. PHASE- VII EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON METABOLISM AND ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF SOYBEAN ON 20TH DAY AND 40TH DAY: The plants were grown in six groups as follows, and five plants were selected for checking all physical parameters and all biochemical estimations were made on three plants selected as replications. GROUP-I NORMAL WATER TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-II 5 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ACTIVATED CARBON TREATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-III 10 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ACTIVATED CARBON TREATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-IV 15 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ACTIVATED CARBON TREATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-V 20 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ACTIVATED CARBON TREATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN GROUP-VI 25 ppm Cd CONTAMINATED ACTIVATED CARBON TREATED ARTIFICIAL EFFLUENT TREATED SOYBEAN VII.A. GROWTH PARAMETERS MEASURED ON 20TH DAY The parameters checked on 20th day includes Root length, Shoot length, Plant height, Relative root length percentage, Relative shoot length percentage, Tolerance index, Number of leaves, Trifoliate, Fresh weight, Dry weight, Dry mass/fresh mass ratio, Leaf mass ratio, Stem mass ratio, Root mass ratio, Total dry matter yield under cadmium stress, Percentage weight gain, Seed vigor index, Leaf area measurements, Leaf area index, Leaf weight fraction, Specific leaf area, Leaf area ratio FINDINGS: The following observations were made with five plants in each group grown with treated effluents, on 20th day: The growth parameters such as root length, shoot length, plant height, relative root length percentage, relative shoot length percentage, tolerance index, number of leaves, trifoliates, fresh weight, dry weight were found to be decreased when compared to control. But a highly significant improvement was seen in all these parameters, when compared with the values of plants grown with effluents before treatment. Also dry mass/fresh mass ratio, stem mass ratio, root mass ratio were also found to be varied than the before treatment plants. The other growth parameters such as leaf mass ratio, total dry matter yield under cadmium stress, percentage weight gain, seed vigor index, leaf area measurements, leaf area index, leaf weight fraction , specific leaf area, leaf area ratio were also found to be improved when compared to before treatment plants, although it is decreasing when compared to control group plants. VII.B. GROWTH PARAMETERS MEASURED ON 40TH DAY The parameters checked on 20th day includes Root length, Shoot length, Plant height, Relative root length percentage, Relative shoot length percentage, Tolerance index, Number of leaves, trifoliate, nodules per plant, Fresh weight, Dry weight of individual organs and whole plant, Dry mass/fresh mass ratio of individual organs, Leaf mass ratio, Stem mass ratio, Root mass ratio, Total dry matter yield under cadmium stress, Percentage weight gain, Seed vigor index, Leaf area measurements, Leaf area index, Leaf weight fraction, Specific leaf area, Leaf area ratio , Absolute growth rate, Crop growth rate, Unit leaf rate, Net assimilation rate, Relative growth rate, Leaf area duration FINDINGS: In the observations made with five plants in each group on 40th day, the following results were observed for the plants grown after treatment of Cd containing waste water: The growth parameters such as root length, shoot length, plant height, relative root length percentage, relative shoot length percentage, tolerance index, no of leaves, trifoliates, nodules per plant, fresh weight, dry weight of individual organs, and whole plant, leaf mass ratio, total dry matter yield under cadmium stress, percentage weight gain, seed vigor index, leaf area measurements, leaf area index, leaf weight fraction, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio were found to be increased significantly when compared with the before treatment plants. The dry mass/ fresh mass ratio, stem mass ratio and root mass ratio were also found to be varying with concentration of cadmium after treatment. The growth parameters connecting the observations made on 20th and 40th day observations such as absolute growth rate, crop growth rate, unit leaf rate, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf area duration values showed a significant improved performance when compared to the plants gr own with the cadmium contaminated waste water before treatment. VII.C. BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS ESTIMATED ON 20TH DAY ON ROOT SHOOT TISSUES OF SOYBEAN: The various biochemical estimations made includes, i. GROWTH PARAMETERS Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, Total carbohydrate, Starch, Total Protein ii. ENZYMES: Amylase alpha, beta and total, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase iii. STRESS MARKERS Total free amino acids, Proline, TBARS iv. NON ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Reduced Glutathione v. ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS Superoxidedismutase, Catalase, Peroxidase, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Peroxidase. FINDINGS: The levels of growth parameters such as Chlorophyll-a, b and Total Chlorophyll were significantly found to be improved with the increase in the cadmium concentrations in the effluents after treatment. The levels of Total Carbohydrate, Starch and Total Protein were also found to be increased significantly when compared to before treatment plants in both root and leaf tissues. Although a decreasing levels of Amylase, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were observed with increasing concentrations of cadmium, when compared to control, a significant increase in their levels was observed when compared with the plants grown before treatment in both root and leaf tissues. The stress markers like Total Free Amino Acids, Proline and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances(TBARS) were also found to be decreased in both leaf and root tissues when compared with the plants grown using effluents before treatment. The non enzymatic antioxidants such as Vitamin E, Ascorbic acid and Reduced Glutathione were found to significantly varying with the varying concentrations of cadmium after treatment. The enzymatic antioxidants such as Catalase, Peroxidase, Glutathione Reductase, and Glutathione Peroxidase were found to be significantly increased in the plants grown after treatment. Also level of Superoxide dismutase was found to be reduced than the level found in plants grown using effluents before treatment. PHASE-VIII UPTAKE AND LOCALIZATION OF CADMIUM BY SOYBEAN PLANTS BEFORE TREATMENT The level of cadmium uptake was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer in the tissues of root, shoot, leaves, and pod of soybean grown using Cd contaminated water before treatment. AFTER TREATMENT The level of cadmium uptake was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer in the tissues of root, shoot, leaves, and pod of soybean grown using Cd contaminated water after treatment. FINDINGS: The uptake and localization of cadmium levels and correlated to the results obtained in biochemical and physical parameters. Conclusions The results obtained from the present study indicates The effect of Cd on the growth, stress and antioxidant metabolism of Glycine max (L.) Merr. Plants by petriplate and pot culture studies were studied and are found to be significant. The production of low cost activated carbon from agro waste of Anacardium occidentale L.., and the removal of Cd from the waste water by the low cost AC are significant. Use of the treated water for irrigation and its effect on the growth, stress and antioxidant metabolism of Glycine max (L.) Merr. Plants by petriplate and pot culture were studied. The results may be helpful in better understanding of the various growth, metabolic and defense response mechanisms of the Glycine max (L.) Merr. plants, grown with Cd contaminated water before and after treatment using activated carbon. The effect of treated water on the growth over the non-treated water was evaluated and the results show the efficiency of the treated Cd contaminated waste water for irrigation. The results also suggest that this method may be useful as a secondary treatment method in the water treatment plants involved in treatment of sewage wastewaters. 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Sara Erdei, Attila Hegedus, Gabor Hauptmann, Jozsef Szalai, Gabor Horvath., Heavy Metal Induced Physiological Changes in the Antioxidative Response System., Acta Biologica Szegediensis., 46(3-4): 89-90, 2002. Tchobanoglous, George and Burton, Fraklin L., Waste Water Engineering Treatment Disposal, Reuse., Metcalf and Eddy Inc., 3rd ed., 1991. USEPA, Granular Activated Carbon Systems Problems and Remedies, USEPA 800/490/9198, US EPA, Washington DC., 1984. Wagner G J., Accumulation of Cadmium in Crop Plants and its Consequences to Human Health. Adv Agron, 51: 173-212, 1993. US EPA, Waste Water Technology Fact Sheet, United States Environment Protection Agency, USEPA 832-f-00-017, US EPA, Washington DC., 2000. Weast RC, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 64th Edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1984.

The Birth Of Republic By Edmund Morgan - 1440 Words

In the book, the birth of republic, Edmund Morgan showed the challenge of British taxation imposed on Americans and the quest for search of constitutional principles so as to protect their freedom leading to revolution. In this book, the author portrayed how the experience of the founders of the nation shaped the convictions and how these elements were fit into the constitution and governmental legislatures. â€Å"In 1649, as Harrington saw it, the people who owned the property of England deposed the kind and began to take charge of the government. Their action proved premature. Monarchy and Aristocracy turned out to be stronger than Harrington had supposed, but he gave the people (or at least those who owned property) the nerve to think that†¦show more content†¦In our case it was the other way round: we struck for independence. And were thereby stirred into nationality; our nation was the child, not the father, of our revolution† In the US, the weaving of ideas about constituent power and representation let, in Edmund Morgan’s phase, to ‘inventing the people’; Republican and representative government marched and hand-in-hand, although it look more than a century before the people impose themselves on the senate through seventeenth amendment . Although the predecessors in the US were English, but an increasing nationalism emerged in the US and this is prevalent in the history of Europe, Asia and Africa that the people tend to form tribes and greater communities and societies that are transformed into nations. The American civil war revolution set the foundation of the typical US liberty that resulted in the formation of the US constitution. In this book, the New Colonial Policies after 1763 were reviewed that were the main source of revolution. The revolution as portrayed in Morgan book was revolt against England whereas the internal dispute among colonies had the secondary importance as compared to revolt against England .The driving force of the revolution was to form an independent government that is free from the rule of Britain, so it was considered as a revolt against the English. There were

Ayala Museum Free Essays

Little did we know, when we were sent on a field trip to the Loyal Museum, what we would see there. All that we were told was that It was an â€Å"educational field trip† and something to do with Flanagan. Net’s advocacy of anything and everything Filipino. We will write a custom essay sample on Ayala Museum or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, we were really in for a treat when we set foot on the fourth floor of the museum and a short film started to play the moment we stepped inside the sliding doors. â€Å"Gold of Ancestors: Crossroads of Civilization†, it began, and went on to show some gold artifacts that had been found on archaeological digs all over the country. We were mesmerism’s from the very first one. Then, Just beyond the small chamber where we were viewing the film, we caught sight of the display cases containing the very artifacts that were now flashing on the screen. After that, we could hardly Walt to go and see them up close We saw golden bangles, rings, and necklaces, earrings, tiaras and studs, belts, bowls, cups and hilts of weapons. I was fascinated when I saw the burial masks, with stylized features engraved In the gold. I thought: forget ancient Egypt, It turns out the Philippines has its own! Aside from the burial masks, there were also â€Å"orifice coverings†, shaped like the eyes, the nose and the mouth. I guess If the dead couldn’t afford a whole mask, they could just go for the important parts! Whew! Move over, King -rut! Aside from the burial masks, I was also fascinated with the Kina, a small vessel shaped like a mythical woman-bird, who appeared to be holding some kind of Jug. Her eyes looked serenely out at the people who had come to see her. There was also the bluntly, an anthropomorphic plaque depleting the head of a lady with what seemed like an elaborate hairdo or headdress. I also drooled over a cuff or wrist ornament, as wide as a sleeve and intricately worked, so that the gold mesh was like lace. The information on it said it weighed 204 grams. Heavy! There were also earrings so big and so heavy that we all wondered how the owner could possibly have worn It without getting his or her ears torn. My personal favorite, however, was a beautiful belt (l know someone’s snickering while reading TLS! ). Catalog No. 81. 5175, weighing 575. 1 g, measuring 68. Xx CM. Circa 10th 13th century. It was made of fine mesh, with a zigzag design running along its length, and two golden plaques ornamented with granules of gold painstakingly arranged into stylized designs. Oh, I could have stood there and stared at it forever! Then, there was the piece De resistance: the UAPITA or Sacred Thread, weighing almost 4 kilos (yeah- peeve! ), strikingly similar to one depicted In the 16th century Boxer Codex, said to be the earliest description of the people of the Philippines In a Western language. Copy of which can be found in the exhibit. The UAPITA was supposed to be draped around the neck then attached to the wrist. Wow, the person who wore that must’ve been pretty strong! What was striking about these artifacts was that they seemed so Pinto to me. There were at least two necklaces or bracelets that were woven banging- Tyler: take four flat strips of gold and weave a fifth one back and forth across it, the reminded me of the legs of a modern armchair made of into because it h ad the same basket-weave technique. Some of the other items were decorated simply by poking holes in the gold to create a lacy pattern. The tiaras were created by cutting a sort of fringe in a strip of gold, then bending them back and forth to make a crown-like design. Seeing the exhibit made all of us walk a little taller and prouder. We had always read about the treasures of other lands, like Egypt and Troy; now we know that we have our own! Mayhap nag Philippians! How to cite Ayala Museum, Papers

Diet Analysis Essay Example For Students

Diet Analysis Essay Since my childhood, I have always had an aggressive appetite, and obviously, not all the meals I ate were healthy and nutritious. For a long time, I did not care much about what I ate and how my food choices and eating habits influenced my health. However, recently, I have started to pay more attention to my daily diet. In particular, I decided to track my daily meals for a week, write down everything I eat and prepare my diet analysis based on calorie intake and the amount of protein, fats, and carbohydrates consumed. It has helped me find out what my organism lacks and, on the contrary, what is redundant. While analyzing what the foods I typically eat every day are and how my eating choices change over the days, I have found out that there are some negative tendencies in my daily diet that I definitely need to change. At the same time, there are also certain eating habits that need to be further encouraged and maintained. What have I found out? First of all, my diet analysis has revealed that I consume not enough water. I thought that I drink much, so the result was a shock to me. Over the days, I systematically drank less than 1 l of plain water or a bit more. The rest of the consumed liquid was mainly tea or coffee. I know that it is important to drink more water as water can help with hair and skin. Besides, in general, drinking water makes the body work properly. If I want to make a change in my daily diet, I definitely need to increase the amount of plain water drunk every day and eliminate the amount of coffee, juices, and sodas consumed. Speaking about my overall calorie intake, it was rather unstable during the week of my diet analysis. While on some days, it was normal, on other days, it was either excessive or insufficient. For example, on Monday, my calorie intake was 648.5, while on Sunday, it was 2343.6. The matter is that on working days, I often have no time for eating. Sometimes, I choose eating at fast foods, although I know that such eating habits can lead to severe health problems. At the weekends, I have more time and can prepare meals by myself. It is important to stabilize my calorie intake and consume the required number of calories to keep my body in shape and not put on weight. Apart from the need to stabilize calorie intake, my diet analysis has also revealed some other issues. I understand that tracking my eating habits just for one week is not enough to make conclusions as over the days; my eating choices can significantly change. Still, my diet analysis can help me identify the negative tendencies and try to establish a healthier diet on a daily basis. Vitamins as integral part of the healthy life An important aspect of my diet analysis research was vitamin intake and my vitamin D level in particular. After I had reviewed my vitamin intake, I understood that the foods I ate did not include many vitamins. My vitamin D level is particularly low. It can be understood because it is winter now, and that is why my exposure to sun is low. However, not only the change in the weather can help increase my vitamin D level. One of the main sources of vitamin D is milk, and I almost never drink milk. As I do not have any allergies, I can include milk to the foods I consume every day. My favorite drink is coffee, and sometimes, I drink it too often. Instead, I can drink milk or water. Besides that, there is a possibility to eat vitamin D supplements to increase my vitamin D level. I realize that I need to do something about my eating choices and eating habits to ensure the required level of vitamin D in my organism. .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 , .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 .postImageUrl , .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 , .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1:hover , .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1:visited , .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1:active { border:0!important; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1:active , .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1 .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u09604941c3b0e72000fff27eca49c0e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Lottery Persuasive EssayWhile working on my diet analysis project, I realized that I even though I lead an active lifestyle, I do not exercise enough. Bringing more exercising into my life will definitely help me to stay in shape. In particular, I am going to add jogging to my daily routine. As the sun is the source of vitamin D, jogging will also help me to increase my vitamin D level. My research met the results My diet analysis research has shown that in general, my vitamin levels are very low. It can be explained by the fact that I eat not many vegetables and fruit. That is why based on my research; I decided to make a change in my daily diet and add more vegetables and fruit to the foods I eat. I believe that it will also help regulate my calorie intake at large. In particular, my daily diet includes almost no fruit. For example, over the days, I ate fruit just a few times. On Thursday, I drank a smoothie, and the only fruit I ate that day were the ones added to this smoothie. Another significant problem in my diet is eating too much fat. As during the week, I often eat at fast foods, it means that I eat the foods that contain trans-fat and saturated fat almost every day. For example, my overall intake of saturated fat over a week was 28.7, and this number is huge. I need to exclude fast food from my daily diet as eating too much trans fat, and saturated fat can not only lead to obesity but also provoke serious health problems. To sum up, I should say that my diet analysis research has turned out to be very helpful and useful for me. With its help, by tracking my eating habits and the foods I eat for a week, I identified the key problems in my daily diet and made some significant decisions. For instance, I found out that I drink not enough water. I decided to work on it and develop a habit of drinking the required amount of plain water every day instead of drinking too much coffee. Water is essential for the overall health and well-being, and thus, drinking enough water will be my priority. Besides that, I understood that my vitamin D level is rather low. I will do everything to increase this level by drinking milk and eating other foods that contain vitamin D. Also; my diet analysis showed that all my vitamin levels are low because of consuming not enough fruit and vegetables. I do not like fruit very much, but I will try to add as many of them as is needed for my daily diet to stay healthy and ensure vita min intake. What is more, I eat too much trans-fat and saturated fat, and I want to change my eating habits and eliminate the number of fats consumed in my daily diet.